Asthma is a chronic disorder characterized by airway overreaction and remodeling, eosinophilia, and neutrophilic inflammation, accompanied by thickening of the airways and breathlessness. Teucrium polium (TP) is a plant with anti-inflammatory properties and is considered for the treatment of allergic disorders.
In this study, we examined the effects of TP extract on ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma. Thirty female mice (5–6 weeks old) were divided into 5 groups of 6 each, including a control group and 4 groups treated with OVA, OVA + TP extract (50 mg/kg), OVA + TP extract (150 mg/kg), OVA + TP extract (300 mg/kg). Twenty-four hours after the last treatment, lung, serum, and spleen samples were collected and used for the evaluation of leukocyte infiltration, serum cytokine Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) levels, and the expression of the Interleukin-12A (IL12A) gene, respectively. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to evaluate pathological changes in the lung tissue sections.
Treatment with TP extract reduced inflammatory cells such as eosinophils and neutrophils in the airways. Furthermore, it increased serum levels of IFN-γ and IL-12A at a dose of 50, 150, and 300 mg/kg compared to the OVA group.
This study showed that the administration of TP extract could improve pathological features, such as airway inflammation, and reduce systemic inflammation.

Asthma is one of the most prevalent chronic lung diseases that afflict genetically predisposed individuals. Certain cytokine gene polymorphisms have been associated with asthma. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is a potent inflammatory cytokine that can modulate nonspecific inflammation to influence asthma. This study aimed to define the relationship between the TNF gene polymorphism at position -308 and asthma susceptibility, as well as atopic and non-atopic asthma.
Using polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primers, we investigated genotype frequencies and alleles of a polymorphic gene coding for TNF-α in 86 pediatric patients with asthma and 470 healthy controls of the same race. Seventy-four patients underwent a skin prick test.
The homozygous AA variant (-308, rs1800629) was the most common genotype among patients, accounting for 63.3% of all cases. In contrast, homozygous GG (-308) was significantly less prevalent in the patient group compared to the control group. TNF A (-308) allele frequency was 85.5% among asthma patients and 16.6% among healthy controls. The genotype and allele frequencies of TNF (-308 A>G, rs1800629) did not differ between atopic and non-atopic asthma.
In conclusion, TNF (-308) AA and AG genotypes are associated with asthma susceptibility in Iranian children, although there was no significant difference in polymorphism between atopic and non-atopic asthma and no difference in asthma severity groups.

COVID-19, an acute respiratory syndrome caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, was first reported in late 2019 in Wuhan, China, and rapidly escalated into a global pandemic. The condition can lead to organ dysfunction and ultimately death through its onset of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Disease severity has been linked to proinflammatory cytokines which activate the NF-κB and STAT transcription factors in infected cells. It has been proven that lncRNAs play a very important role in reducing or increasing inflammatory factors. This makes them potentially valuable in recognizing pathogenesis pathways and therapeutic targets in COVID-19. Nanocurcumin is known as an antioxidant, tumor suppressor and anti-inflammatory substance, and it can be effective to reduce inflammation caused by the disease of COVID-19.
This study analyzed Sequence Read Archive data from COVID-19 patients with acute versus milder symptoms, identifying dysregulated genes and non-coding RNAs. To verify this correlation, the expression of the candidate gene was evaluated with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in mouse models, while immunoglobulin (Ig) G titer was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in mouse serum samples.
Here we introduced a novel lncRNA called HSD17B3-AS1, suggested as a therapeutic target in COVID-19 patients with acute symptoms. Furthermore, we revealed nanocurcumin is reducing the expression of HSD17B3-AS1 which leads to reduced inflammation in mice.
These results suggest that HSD17B3-AS1 plays a significant regulatory role in managing COVID-19, and the downregulation of HSD17B3-AS1 by Nanocurcumin presents a promising treatment option for minimizing complications in COVID-19 patients.

Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune disease that causes inflammation and destruction of the joints. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the expression of microRNA (miR)-155-5p, miR-210-3p, and miR-16-5p in the plasma of patients with rheumatoid arthritis in comparison with a healthy control group to attain an expression profile for earlier diagnosis and treatment.
To carry out this study, 100 individuals were chosen as two equally sized groups of rheumatoid arthritis patients and healthy controls. Five milliliters of blood were drawn from each individual, and plasma RNA was extracted using Trisol solution. Complementary DNAs were synthesized using the Moloney leukemia virus (MMLV) and deoxynucleoside triphosphate (dNTP). Finally, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was implemented using the SYBR Green kit.
The mean expression of miR-155-5p, miR-210-3p, and miR-16-5p were 2.46±2.79, 1.97±1.90, and 69.62±88.44 in the rheumatoid arthritis group, and 0.34±0.33, 9.82±9.34, and 7.94±7.09 in the healthy group, respectively. Additionally, significant differences were revealed in the relative 

expression of the selected microRNAs in 4 subgroups of rheumatoid arthritis patients with different disease activities based on the disease activity score 28 (DAS28). ROC curve analysis showed that miR-155-5p (area under the curve, AUC=0.90, sensitivity=80%, specificity=81%), miR-210-3p (AUC=0.75, sensitivity=66%, specificity=71%), and miR-16-5p (AUC=0.96, sensitivity=89%, specificity=82%) could be potential biomarkers for rheumatoid arthritis diagnosis.
Increased expressions of miR-16-5p and miR-155-5p and decreased expression of miR-210-3p in rheumatoid arthritis patients compared with healthy individuals demonstrate the effectiveness of these microRNAs in disease incidence and progression. Thus, the expression levels of these microRNAs can be used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.

Sulfur mustard (SM) or mustard gas is a blister chemical agent that causes pulmonary damage by triggering inflammation and oxidative injury. Alterations in microRNA (miR) transcript levels are found in pulmonary diseases and even inflammation. Therefore, we evaluated the expression levels of miR-20a-5p, miR-21-5p, and two target transcripts (transforming growth factor-beta [TGF-β1] and TGF-β receptor 2 [TGFR2]) in lung, serum, and skin samples from patients exposed to SM.
Total RNA was extracted from lung, serum, and skin samples of patients with moderate (n=10) and high (n=10) SM exposure, as well as 10 healthy subjects. Following the synthesis of complementary deoxyribonucleic acid using real-time polymerase chain reaction, we determined the expression levels of miR-20a-5p, miR-21-5p, TGF-β1, and TGFR2 transcripts. Furthermore, we evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of the chosen miRs by employing receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and calculating the area under the ROC curve.
The results showed that miR-20a-5p and miR-21-5p expressions in the groups with moderate and high SM exposure were significantly lower than the normal controls. The expression analysis demonstrated that TGFR2 was significantly less expressed in skin samples exposed to SM in both groups of patients compared with healthy controls. Furthermore, the TGF-β1 expression in the skin samples of the group with moderate SM exposure was lower than that of the normal control group.
Our findings suggest that miR-20a-5p, miR-21-5p, TGF-β1, and TGFR2 expressions could be used as potential biomarkers for discriminating SM-exposed patients from healthy individuals.

The reactivation of polyomavirus BK (BKPyV) contributes to increased morbidity and mortality rates of transplant patients, especially kidney transplant recipients (KTRs). CD4⁺ T cells are important immune cells active during BKPyV infection in KTRs. This research tried to examine the phenotype of CD4⁺ T cells in the stage of BKPyV activation in KTRs.The re
cipients were separated into 2 groups of BKPyV-active and nonactive KTRs (10 patients in each group) and were compared with 10 healthy control subjects. The viral load was evaluated by Taq-man quantitative real-time PCR. The frequency of different CD4⁺ T cell subsets was determined by analyzing markers such as CD45RO, CCR7, CD27, CD107a, perforin, and granzyme B using flow cytometry. The gene expression levels of transcription factors, including TBX21, GATA3, STAT3, and STAT6, contributing to CD4⁺ T cell activation, were also assessed.
A significantly higher proportion in CCR7⁺CD27⁺CD45RO^-CD4⁺ T cell (naive Tcell) subsets was detected in BKPyV-active KTRs compared to nonactive ones. A significant increase was detected in the frequency of CD107a⁺, perforin⁺, and granzyme B⁺ CD4⁺ T cells in the BKPyV-active group compared to the nonactive group. In CD4⁺ T cells of KTRs, the mRNA expression of TBX21  and GATA3 was significantly increased in KTRs without BKPyV reactivation compared to BKPyV-active ones.
This investigation focused on the CD4⁺ T cell as an immunodominant T cell type with potential cytotoxicity. Based on these results, BKPyV may have a direct influence on the repertoire of CD4⁺ T cell subsets. Particularly, cytotoxic CD4⁺ T cells need further investigation to be considered as a therapeutic approach for BKPyV infection.

Despite studies indicating that asthma patients do not exhibit a higher mortality rate or severity compared to the general population when infected with COVID-19, there have been few reports on predictive factors for mortality in this context. This study aimed to assess the predictive value of systemic inflammation indices including neutrophil-to-lymphocyte (NLR), monocyte-to-lymphocyte (MLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte (PLR), systemic inflammation response index (SIR-I), and systemic inflammation index (SII) in determining mortality rate among patients with COVID-19 and asthma.
In this prospective study, the laboratory parameters of 1792 COVID-19 patients were examined, with a subgroup consisting of 112 patients with asthma and 1680 patients without asthma. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was employed to assess the potential of inflammatory indices in indicating COVID-19 severity, while Kaplan-Meier curves were utilized to analyze the survival probability with death as the outcome.
In deceased non-asthma patients, the levels of leukocyte and differential cell counts, and the values of PLR, NLR, MLR, SII, and SIR-I were higher than in survivors. In contrast, all the above values except PLR and MLR were significant in the asthma groups. The Kaplan–Meier survival curves were consistent with the ROC analysis. However, a multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that neutrophil counts in non-asthma subjects and leukocyte and neutrophil counts in asthma patients remained significant for survival.
In conclusion, while numerous inflammatory indices were associated with mortality in COVID-19 patients without asthma, neutrophil counts could independently predict mortality risk in asthma COVID-19 patients.

Primary immunodeficiencies are a diverse group of rare genetic disorders, among which phagocytic dysfunction impairs neutrophil function in a wide range of inherited disorders. Due to the heterogeneity of the disorders a multidisciplinary approach is often required for early diagnosis and initiation of appropriate treatments. The aim of this study was to evaluate the imaging findings in children admitted with phagocytic primary immunodeficiencies.
Thirty-five children who fulfilled the inclusion criteria for phagocytic dysfunction were enrolled in this study. The patients were under close observation and monitoring from January 2011 until data locking in December 2017. The diagnosis of phagocytic immunodeficiency was confirmed by the patient’s clinical course, presentation features, and laboratory data. 
Among the 35 patients studied, the most frequent condition was chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) (23 patients), followed by different types of neutropenia (8 patients) and Job’s syndrome (4 patients). Mediastinal and hilar lymphadenopathies and consolidation were the most frequent presentations. There was a significant relationship between mediastinal/hilar lymphadenopathies and fungal infections. A meaningful relationship was also found between pulmonary nodules without halo signs in patients with concomitant tuberculosis and fungal infections. A significant correlation was found between CGD, pulmonary fibrotic changes, and mediastinal lymphadenopathies.
The most frequent radiological manifestations in children included mediastinal and hilar consolidations. Physicians’ awareness of the radiological and clinical manifestations of these inherited diseases may be helpful in the early diagnosis and timely initiation of specific prophylaxis measures to prevent infections and also to initiate hematopoietic stem cell transplantation as the curative management modality. 

Mutations in the SLC29A3 gene cause histiocytosis-lymphadenopathy plus (H) syndrome, a rare autosomal recessive genetic condition that affects numerous systems. We present a 7-year-old Syrian patient with pericardial effusion whose acute phase reactants did not decrease despite treatment. In order to emphasize the variety and raise awareness of H syndrome in the hopes of achieving an early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, molecular investigation of SLC29A3-related disorders is crucial. H syndrome is an uncommon genetic condition with a broad spectrum of phenotypes. Therefore, early genetic testing is essential for the accurate diagnosis of patients. Doctors should be aware of this condition and its symptoms and consider autoimmune diseases as a possible alternative diagnosis in patients with suspected immunodeficiency.

Polyethylene glycols (PEG) or macrogols are polymers of ethylene oxide widely used in drugs either as active substances or, more commonly, as excipients. We report a Caucasian 32-year-old woman with referred anaphylaxis almost instantly after oral intake of a macrogol-containing laxative. Despite an anaphylactic reaction, the patient showed negative results for both the skin test and specific IgE to monomer, while the basophil activation test and oral challenge were positive. The patient was later successfully vaccinated with a polysorbate 80-containing SARS-CoV-2 vaccine following an additional work-up. As a result, the inactive form of PEG cannot be fully diagnosed, and it is considered a “hidden” allergen. Allergens like polysorbates need special consideration due to their possible cross-reactivity by their specific derivatives.