miR-370 and miR-493: Potential Biomarkers in the Pathophysiology of COVID-19
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRs) are key post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression and have emerged as important modulators of host responses during viral infections, including coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Growing evidence indicates that miR-370 and miR-493 participate in pathways relevant to COVID-19 pathophysiology, influencing inflammatory signaling, immune cell activity, and cellular processes that may shape viral replication and tissue injury. miR-370 has been linked to the suppression of proinflammatory cytokine production, modulation of lipid- and fibrosis-related pathways, and attenuation of lung inflammatory responses, suggesting a potential protective role during acute infection. miR-493 has been associated with regulation of apoptosis, immune activation, and stress-response pathways, with alterations in its expression correlating with disease severity in several inflammatory conditions. Because interactions between host miRs and viral or host mRNAs can influence viral entry, replication, and immune dysregulation, understanding the specific mechanisms through which miR-370 and miR-493 act is essential for clarifying their relevance in COVID-19. This review synthesizes current evidence on the molecular pathways, validated targets, and potential regulatory roles of miR-370 and miR-493 in SARS-CoV-2 infection, highlighting their promise as biomarkers and their possible utility in improving diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for COVID-19.
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4. Hardin LT, Xiao N. miRNAs: The Key Regulator of COVID-19 Disease. Int J Cell Biol. 2022;2022:1.
5. Nik Mohamed Kamal N, Shahidan WNS. Non-Exosomal and Exosomal Circulatory MicroRNAs: Which Are More Valid as Biomarkers? Front Pharmacol. 2019;10:1500.
6. Zhang S, Amahong K, Sun X, Lian X, Liu J, Sun H, et al. The miRNA: a small but powerful RNA for COVID-19. Brief Bioinform. 2021;22(2):1137-49.
7. Scaria V, Hariharan M, Maiti S, Pillai B, Brahmachari SK. Host-virus interaction: a new role for microRNAs. Retrovirology. 2006;3:68.
8. Trobaugh DW, Klimstra WB. MicroRNA Regulation of RNA Virus Replication and Pathogenesis. Trends Mol Med. 2017;23(1):80-93.
9. Bautista-Becerril B, Pérez-Dimas G, Sommerhalder-Nava PC, Hanono A, Martínez-Cisneros JA, Zarate-Maldonado B, et al. miRNAs, from Evolutionary Junk to Possible Prognostic Markers and Therapeutic Targets in COVID-19. Viruses. 2021;14.
10. Zhang Z, Zhang C, Li F, Zhang B, Zhang Y. Regulation of memory CD8+ T cell differentiation by microRNAs. Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry. 2018;47(6):2187-98.
11. Sultan S, Maashi M. Obesity Alters the microRNA Expression Profile Related to Metabolic Disorders in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells: Preliminary Results. Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2025;47(10).
12. Lu G, Gao H, Dong Z, Jiang S, Hu R, Wang C. Change Profiles and Functional Targets of MicroRNAs in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Obesity. Diabetes Metab J. 2023;47(4):559-70.
13. Cañas JA, Rodrigo-Muñoz JM, Sastre B, Gil-Martinez M, Redondo N, Del Pozo V. MicroRNAs as Potential Regulators of Immune Response Networks in Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Front Immunol. 2020;11:608666.
14. Cerda A, Bortolin RH, Manriquez V, Salazar L, Zambrano T, Fajardo CM, et al. Effect of statins on lipid metabolism-related microRNA expression in HepG2 cells. Pharmacol Rep. 2021;73(3):868-80.
15. de Gonzalo-Calvo D, Benítez ID, Pinilla L, Carratalá A, Moncusí-Moix A, Gort-Paniello C, et al. Circulating microRNA profiles predict the severity of COVID-19 in hospitalized patients. Transl Res. 2021;236:147-59.
16. Schiavello M, Vizio B, Sanavia T, Bosco O, Dini C, Vallino PC, et al. Utility of plasma MicroRNA profiling as diagnostic biomarker in immune system activation and inflammation and early predictor of severity in patients with COVID-19. Scientific Reports. 2025;16(1):384.
17. Blondal T, Jensby Nielsen S, Baker A, Andreasen D, Mouritzen P, Wrang Teilum M, et al. Assessing sample and miRNA profile quality in serum and plasma or other biofluids. Methods. 2013;59(1):S1-6.
18. Fayyad-Kazan M, Makki R, Skafi N, El Homsi M, Hamade A, El Majzoub R, et al. Circulating miRNAs: Potential diagnostic role for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Infect Genet Evol. 2021;94:105020.
19. Moldovan L, Batte KE, Trgovcich J, Wisler J, Marsh CB, Piper M. Methodological challenges in utilizing miRNAs as circulating biomarkers. J Cell Mol Med. 2014;18(3):371-90.
20. Schwarzenbach H, Hoon DS, Pantel K. Cell-free nucleic acids as biomarkers in cancer patients. Nat Rev Cancer. 2011;11(6):426-37.
21. Molinero M, Benítez ID, González J, Gort-Paniello C, Moncusí-Moix A, Rodríguez-Jara F, et al. Bronchial Aspirate-Based Profiling Identifies MicroRNA Signatures Associated With COVID-19 and Fatal Disease in Critically Ill Patients. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021;8:756517.
22. Nersisyan S, Shkurnikov M, Turchinovich A, Knyazev E, Tonevitsky A. Integrative analysis of miRNA and mRNA sequencing data reveals potential regulatory mechanisms of ACE2 and TMPRSS2. PLoS One. 2020;15(7):e0235987.
23. Kucher AN, Koroleva IA, Zarubin AA, Nazarenko MS. MicroRNAs as the Potential Regulators of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Modifiers of the COVID-19 Clinical Features. Mol Biol. 2022;56(1):29-45.
24. Ye L, Wang J, Yi K, Wang F, Wang J, Wu H, et al. Recent findings on miR 370 expression, regulation and functions in cancer (Review). Oncol Rep. 2023;49(4).
25. Yasukawa K, Liew LC, Hagiwara K, Hironaka-Mitsuhashi A, Qin XY, Furutani Y, et al. MicroRNA-493-5p-mediated repression of the MYCN oncogene inhibits hepatic cancer cell growth and invasion. Cancer Sci. 2020;111(3):869-80.
26. Zhang S, Amahong K, Sun X, Lian X, Liu J, Sun H, et al. The miRNA: a small but powerful RNA for COVID-19. Briefings in Bioinformatics. 2021.
27. Janković M, Nikolić D, Novaković I, Petrović B, Lackovic M, Santric-Milicevic M. miRNAs as a Potential Biomarker in the COVID-19 Infection and Complications Course, Severity, and Outcome. Diagnostics. 2023;13.
28. Ahmad W, Gull B, Baby J, Panicker NG, Khader TA, Akhlaq S, et al. Differentially-regulated miRNAs in COVID-19: A systematic review. Rev Med Virol. 2023;33(4):e2449.
29. Gao L, Kyubwa EM, Starbird MA, Diaz de Leon J, Nguyen M, Rogers CJ, et al. Circulating miRNA profiles in COVID-19 patients and meta-analysis: implications for disease progression and prognosis. Sci Reports. 2023;13(1):21656.
30. Han Y, Zhang G, Lv X, Ren L. Critical role of cellular microRNAs in virus infection: Decades of progress. Animals and Zoonoses. 2025.
31. Zeng Q, Qi X, Ma J, Hu F, Wang X, Qin H, et al. Distinct miRNAs associated with various clinical presentations of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Science. 2022;25(5):10430.
32. Timofeeva AM, Nikitin AO, Nevinsky GA. Circulating miRNAs in the Plasma of Post-COVID-19 Patients with Typical Recovery and Those with Long-COVID Symptoms: Regulation of Immune Response-Associated Pathways. Noncoding RNA. 2024;10(5).
33. Yuan H, Gao J. The role of miR 370 in fibrosis after myocardial infarction. Mol Med Rep. 2017;15(5):3041-7.
34. Wu Z, Wang B, Chen S, Zuo T, Zhang W, Cheng Z, et al. Hsa_circ_0009096/miR-370-3p modulates hepatic stellate cell proliferation and fibrosis during biliary atresia pathogenesis. Peer J. 2024;12:e17356.
35. Zhang S, Song G, Yuan J, Qiao S, Xu S, Si Z, et al. RETRACTED ARTICLE: Circular RNA circ_0003204 inhibits proliferation, migration and tube formation of endothelial cell in atherosclerosis via miR-370-3p/TGFβR2/phosph-SMAD3 axis. J Biomed Sci. 2020;27:1-17.
36. Mao J, Wang L, Wu J, Wang Y, Wen H, Zhu X, et al. MiR‐370‐3p as a novel biomarker promotes breast cancer progression by targeting FBLN5. Stem Cells Int. 2021;2021(1):4649890.
37. Xu W-P, Yi M, Li Q-Q, Zhou W-P, Cong W-M, Yang Y, et al. Perturbation of MicroRNA-370/Lin-28 homolog A/nuclear factor kappa B regulatory circuit contributes to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology. 2013;58(6):1977-91.
38. Bourgonje AR, Abdulle AE, Timens W, Hillebrands JL, Navis GJ, Gordijn SJ, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), SARS-CoV-2 and the pathophysiology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). J Pathol. 2020;251(3):228-48.
39. Huang L, Huang L, Li Z, Wei Q. Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential of miR-493 in Cancer. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Exp. 2018.
40. Parkins EV, Gross C. Small Differences and Big Changes: The Many Variables of MicroRNA Expression and Function in the Brain. J Neuroscience. 2024;44(32):e0365242024.
41. Gailhouste L, Liew LC, Yasukawa K, Hatada I, Tanaka Y, Kato T, et al. MEG3-derived miR-493-5p overcomes the oncogenic feature of IGF2-miR-483 loss of imprinting in hepatic cancer cells. Cell Death Dis. 2019;10(8):553.
42. Wang G, Fang X, Han M, Wang X, Huang Q. MicroRNA-493-5p promotes apoptosis and suppresses proliferation and invasion in liver cancer cells by targeting VAMP2. Int J Mol Med. 2018;41(3):1740-8.
43. Yao L, Liu Y, Cao Z, Li J, Huang Y, Hu X, et al. MicroRNA-493 is a prognostic factor in triple-negative breast cancer. Cancer Sci. 2018; 301(11):254-8.
44. Mirahmadi Y, Nabavi R, Taheri F, Samadian MM, Ghale-Noie ZN, Farjami M, et al. MicroRNAs as Biomarkers for Early Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Therapeutic Targeting of Ovarian Cancer. J Oncol. 2021;2021(1):3408937.
45. Zhao J, Xu T, Wang F, Cai W, Chen L. miR-493-5p suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma cell proliferation through targeting GP73. Biomed Pharmacotherapy. 2017;90:744-51.
46. Srivastava S, Garg I, Singh Y, Meena R, Ghosh N, Kumari B, et al. Evaluation of altered miRNA expression pattern to predict COVID-19 severity. Heliyon. 2023;9(2):e13388.
47. Abusalah MAH, Khalifa M, Al-Hatamleh MAI, Jarrar M, Mohamud R, Chan YY. Nucleic Acid-Based COVID-19 Therapy Targeting Cytokine Storms: Strategies to Quell the Storm. J Pers Med. 2022;12(3).
48. Chen R, Lan Z, Ye J, Pang L, Liu Y, Wu W, et al. Cytokine Storm: The Primary Determinant for the Pathophysiological Evolution of COVID-19 Deterioration. Front Immunol. 2021;12:589095.
49. Liu H, Li Z, Sun H. MiR-493-5p inhibits the malignant development of gliomas via suppressing E2F3-mediated dysfunctions of P53 and PI3K/AKT pathways. Clin Transl Oncol. 2022;24(2):363-70.
50. Mahdi Khanifar M, Zafari Z, Sheykhhasan M. Crosstalk between long non-coding RNAs and p53 signaling pathway in colorectal cancer: A review study. Pathology - Research and Practice. 2023;249:154756.
51. Cargnello M, Roux PP. Activation and function of the MAPKs and their substrates, the MAPK-activated protein kinases. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2011;75(1):5.
52. Gugliandolo A, Silvestro S, Sindona C, Bramanti P, Mazzon E. MiRNA: Involvement of the MAPK Pathway in Ischemic Stroke. A Promising Therapeutic Target. Medicina (Kaunas). 2021;57(10).
53. Yokota S-i, Okabayashi T, Fujii N. The battle between virus and host: modulation of Toll‐like receptor signaling pathways by virus infection. Mediators Inflamm. 2010;2010(1):184328.
54. Liu Y, Luo Z. Repurposing Anticancer Drugs Targeting the MAPK/ERK Signaling Pathway for the Treatment of Respiratory Virus Infections. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25(13):6946.
55. Zhao F, Xing Y, Jiang P, Hu L, Deng S. LncRNA MEG3 inhibits the proliferation of neural stem cells after ischemic stroke via the miR-493–5P/MIF axis. Biochem Biophysical Res Commun. 2021;568:186-92.
2. World Health Organization. WHO COVID-19 Dashboard. https://data.who.int/dashboards/covid19/summary.
3. Shirbhate E, Pandey J, Patel VK, Kamal M, Jawaid T, Gorain B, et al. Understanding the role of ACE-2 receptor in pathogenesis of COVID-19 disease: a potential approach for therapeutic intervention. Pharmacol Rep. 2021;73(6):1539-50.
4. Hardin LT, Xiao N. miRNAs: The Key Regulator of COVID-19 Disease. Int J Cell Biol. 2022;2022:1.
5. Nik Mohamed Kamal N, Shahidan WNS. Non-Exosomal and Exosomal Circulatory MicroRNAs: Which Are More Valid as Biomarkers? Front Pharmacol. 2019;10:1500.
6. Zhang S, Amahong K, Sun X, Lian X, Liu J, Sun H, et al. The miRNA: a small but powerful RNA for COVID-19. Brief Bioinform. 2021;22(2):1137-49.
7. Scaria V, Hariharan M, Maiti S, Pillai B, Brahmachari SK. Host-virus interaction: a new role for microRNAs. Retrovirology. 2006;3:68.
8. Trobaugh DW, Klimstra WB. MicroRNA Regulation of RNA Virus Replication and Pathogenesis. Trends Mol Med. 2017;23(1):80-93.
9. Bautista-Becerril B, Pérez-Dimas G, Sommerhalder-Nava PC, Hanono A, Martínez-Cisneros JA, Zarate-Maldonado B, et al. miRNAs, from Evolutionary Junk to Possible Prognostic Markers and Therapeutic Targets in COVID-19. Viruses. 2021;14.
10. Zhang Z, Zhang C, Li F, Zhang B, Zhang Y. Regulation of memory CD8+ T cell differentiation by microRNAs. Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry. 2018;47(6):2187-98.
11. Sultan S, Maashi M. Obesity Alters the microRNA Expression Profile Related to Metabolic Disorders in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells: Preliminary Results. Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2025;47(10).
12. Lu G, Gao H, Dong Z, Jiang S, Hu R, Wang C. Change Profiles and Functional Targets of MicroRNAs in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Obesity. Diabetes Metab J. 2023;47(4):559-70.
13. Cañas JA, Rodrigo-Muñoz JM, Sastre B, Gil-Martinez M, Redondo N, Del Pozo V. MicroRNAs as Potential Regulators of Immune Response Networks in Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Front Immunol. 2020;11:608666.
14. Cerda A, Bortolin RH, Manriquez V, Salazar L, Zambrano T, Fajardo CM, et al. Effect of statins on lipid metabolism-related microRNA expression in HepG2 cells. Pharmacol Rep. 2021;73(3):868-80.
15. de Gonzalo-Calvo D, Benítez ID, Pinilla L, Carratalá A, Moncusí-Moix A, Gort-Paniello C, et al. Circulating microRNA profiles predict the severity of COVID-19 in hospitalized patients. Transl Res. 2021;236:147-59.
16. Schiavello M, Vizio B, Sanavia T, Bosco O, Dini C, Vallino PC, et al. Utility of plasma MicroRNA profiling as diagnostic biomarker in immune system activation and inflammation and early predictor of severity in patients with COVID-19. Scientific Reports. 2025;16(1):384.
17. Blondal T, Jensby Nielsen S, Baker A, Andreasen D, Mouritzen P, Wrang Teilum M, et al. Assessing sample and miRNA profile quality in serum and plasma or other biofluids. Methods. 2013;59(1):S1-6.
18. Fayyad-Kazan M, Makki R, Skafi N, El Homsi M, Hamade A, El Majzoub R, et al. Circulating miRNAs: Potential diagnostic role for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Infect Genet Evol. 2021;94:105020.
19. Moldovan L, Batte KE, Trgovcich J, Wisler J, Marsh CB, Piper M. Methodological challenges in utilizing miRNAs as circulating biomarkers. J Cell Mol Med. 2014;18(3):371-90.
20. Schwarzenbach H, Hoon DS, Pantel K. Cell-free nucleic acids as biomarkers in cancer patients. Nat Rev Cancer. 2011;11(6):426-37.
21. Molinero M, Benítez ID, González J, Gort-Paniello C, Moncusí-Moix A, Rodríguez-Jara F, et al. Bronchial Aspirate-Based Profiling Identifies MicroRNA Signatures Associated With COVID-19 and Fatal Disease in Critically Ill Patients. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021;8:756517.
22. Nersisyan S, Shkurnikov M, Turchinovich A, Knyazev E, Tonevitsky A. Integrative analysis of miRNA and mRNA sequencing data reveals potential regulatory mechanisms of ACE2 and TMPRSS2. PLoS One. 2020;15(7):e0235987.
23. Kucher AN, Koroleva IA, Zarubin AA, Nazarenko MS. MicroRNAs as the Potential Regulators of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Modifiers of the COVID-19 Clinical Features. Mol Biol. 2022;56(1):29-45.
24. Ye L, Wang J, Yi K, Wang F, Wang J, Wu H, et al. Recent findings on miR 370 expression, regulation and functions in cancer (Review). Oncol Rep. 2023;49(4).
25. Yasukawa K, Liew LC, Hagiwara K, Hironaka-Mitsuhashi A, Qin XY, Furutani Y, et al. MicroRNA-493-5p-mediated repression of the MYCN oncogene inhibits hepatic cancer cell growth and invasion. Cancer Sci. 2020;111(3):869-80.
26. Zhang S, Amahong K, Sun X, Lian X, Liu J, Sun H, et al. The miRNA: a small but powerful RNA for COVID-19. Briefings in Bioinformatics. 2021.
27. Janković M, Nikolić D, Novaković I, Petrović B, Lackovic M, Santric-Milicevic M. miRNAs as a Potential Biomarker in the COVID-19 Infection and Complications Course, Severity, and Outcome. Diagnostics. 2023;13.
28. Ahmad W, Gull B, Baby J, Panicker NG, Khader TA, Akhlaq S, et al. Differentially-regulated miRNAs in COVID-19: A systematic review. Rev Med Virol. 2023;33(4):e2449.
29. Gao L, Kyubwa EM, Starbird MA, Diaz de Leon J, Nguyen M, Rogers CJ, et al. Circulating miRNA profiles in COVID-19 patients and meta-analysis: implications for disease progression and prognosis. Sci Reports. 2023;13(1):21656.
30. Han Y, Zhang G, Lv X, Ren L. Critical role of cellular microRNAs in virus infection: Decades of progress. Animals and Zoonoses. 2025.
31. Zeng Q, Qi X, Ma J, Hu F, Wang X, Qin H, et al. Distinct miRNAs associated with various clinical presentations of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Science. 2022;25(5):10430.
32. Timofeeva AM, Nikitin AO, Nevinsky GA. Circulating miRNAs in the Plasma of Post-COVID-19 Patients with Typical Recovery and Those with Long-COVID Symptoms: Regulation of Immune Response-Associated Pathways. Noncoding RNA. 2024;10(5).
33. Yuan H, Gao J. The role of miR 370 in fibrosis after myocardial infarction. Mol Med Rep. 2017;15(5):3041-7.
34. Wu Z, Wang B, Chen S, Zuo T, Zhang W, Cheng Z, et al. Hsa_circ_0009096/miR-370-3p modulates hepatic stellate cell proliferation and fibrosis during biliary atresia pathogenesis. Peer J. 2024;12:e17356.
35. Zhang S, Song G, Yuan J, Qiao S, Xu S, Si Z, et al. RETRACTED ARTICLE: Circular RNA circ_0003204 inhibits proliferation, migration and tube formation of endothelial cell in atherosclerosis via miR-370-3p/TGFβR2/phosph-SMAD3 axis. J Biomed Sci. 2020;27:1-17.
36. Mao J, Wang L, Wu J, Wang Y, Wen H, Zhu X, et al. MiR‐370‐3p as a novel biomarker promotes breast cancer progression by targeting FBLN5. Stem Cells Int. 2021;2021(1):4649890.
37. Xu W-P, Yi M, Li Q-Q, Zhou W-P, Cong W-M, Yang Y, et al. Perturbation of MicroRNA-370/Lin-28 homolog A/nuclear factor kappa B regulatory circuit contributes to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology. 2013;58(6):1977-91.
38. Bourgonje AR, Abdulle AE, Timens W, Hillebrands JL, Navis GJ, Gordijn SJ, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), SARS-CoV-2 and the pathophysiology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). J Pathol. 2020;251(3):228-48.
39. Huang L, Huang L, Li Z, Wei Q. Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential of miR-493 in Cancer. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Exp. 2018.
40. Parkins EV, Gross C. Small Differences and Big Changes: The Many Variables of MicroRNA Expression and Function in the Brain. J Neuroscience. 2024;44(32):e0365242024.
41. Gailhouste L, Liew LC, Yasukawa K, Hatada I, Tanaka Y, Kato T, et al. MEG3-derived miR-493-5p overcomes the oncogenic feature of IGF2-miR-483 loss of imprinting in hepatic cancer cells. Cell Death Dis. 2019;10(8):553.
42. Wang G, Fang X, Han M, Wang X, Huang Q. MicroRNA-493-5p promotes apoptosis and suppresses proliferation and invasion in liver cancer cells by targeting VAMP2. Int J Mol Med. 2018;41(3):1740-8.
43. Yao L, Liu Y, Cao Z, Li J, Huang Y, Hu X, et al. MicroRNA-493 is a prognostic factor in triple-negative breast cancer. Cancer Sci. 2018; 301(11):254-8.
44. Mirahmadi Y, Nabavi R, Taheri F, Samadian MM, Ghale-Noie ZN, Farjami M, et al. MicroRNAs as Biomarkers for Early Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Therapeutic Targeting of Ovarian Cancer. J Oncol. 2021;2021(1):3408937.
45. Zhao J, Xu T, Wang F, Cai W, Chen L. miR-493-5p suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma cell proliferation through targeting GP73. Biomed Pharmacotherapy. 2017;90:744-51.
46. Srivastava S, Garg I, Singh Y, Meena R, Ghosh N, Kumari B, et al. Evaluation of altered miRNA expression pattern to predict COVID-19 severity. Heliyon. 2023;9(2):e13388.
47. Abusalah MAH, Khalifa M, Al-Hatamleh MAI, Jarrar M, Mohamud R, Chan YY. Nucleic Acid-Based COVID-19 Therapy Targeting Cytokine Storms: Strategies to Quell the Storm. J Pers Med. 2022;12(3).
48. Chen R, Lan Z, Ye J, Pang L, Liu Y, Wu W, et al. Cytokine Storm: The Primary Determinant for the Pathophysiological Evolution of COVID-19 Deterioration. Front Immunol. 2021;12:589095.
49. Liu H, Li Z, Sun H. MiR-493-5p inhibits the malignant development of gliomas via suppressing E2F3-mediated dysfunctions of P53 and PI3K/AKT pathways. Clin Transl Oncol. 2022;24(2):363-70.
50. Mahdi Khanifar M, Zafari Z, Sheykhhasan M. Crosstalk between long non-coding RNAs and p53 signaling pathway in colorectal cancer: A review study. Pathology - Research and Practice. 2023;249:154756.
51. Cargnello M, Roux PP. Activation and function of the MAPKs and their substrates, the MAPK-activated protein kinases. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2011;75(1):5.
52. Gugliandolo A, Silvestro S, Sindona C, Bramanti P, Mazzon E. MiRNA: Involvement of the MAPK Pathway in Ischemic Stroke. A Promising Therapeutic Target. Medicina (Kaunas). 2021;57(10).
53. Yokota S-i, Okabayashi T, Fujii N. The battle between virus and host: modulation of Toll‐like receptor signaling pathways by virus infection. Mediators Inflamm. 2010;2010(1):184328.
54. Liu Y, Luo Z. Repurposing Anticancer Drugs Targeting the MAPK/ERK Signaling Pathway for the Treatment of Respiratory Virus Infections. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25(13):6946.
55. Zhao F, Xing Y, Jiang P, Hu L, Deng S. LncRNA MEG3 inhibits the proliferation of neural stem cells after ischemic stroke via the miR-493–5P/MIF axis. Biochem Biophysical Res Commun. 2021;568:186-92.
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How to Cite
1.
Eslami Z, Afshar S, Abbasifard A, Tayebinia H. miR-370 and miR-493: Potential Biomarkers in the Pathophysiology of COVID-19. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2026;:1-8.
