Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology 1735-1502 0 0 2026 07 26 1 8 Zahra Eslami Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran Saeid Afshar Cancer Research Center, Institute of Cancer, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran AND Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran Anahita Abbasifard Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Science, Hamadan, Iran Heidar Tayebinia Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran 2025 12 13 2026 02 13 MicroRNAs (miRs) are key post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression and have emerged as important modulators of host responses during viral infections, including coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Growing evidence indicates that miR-370 and miR-493 participate in pathways relevant to COVID-19 pathophysiology, influencing inflammatory signaling, immune cell activity, and cellular processes that may shape viral replication and tissue injury. miR-370 has been linked to the suppression of proinflammatory cytokine production, modulation of lipid- and fibrosis-related pathways, and attenuation of lung inflammatory responses, suggesting a potential protective role during acute infection. miR-493 has been associated with regulation of apoptosis, immune activation, and stress-response pathways, with alterations in its expression correlating with disease severity in several inflammatory conditions. Because interactions between host miRs and viral or host mRNAs can influence viral entry, replication, and immune dysregulation, understanding the specific mechanisms through which miR-370 and miR-493 act is essential for clarifying their relevance in COVID-19. This review synthesizes current evidence on the molecular pathways, validated targets, and potential regulatory roles of miR-370 and miR-493 in SARS-CoV-2 infection, highlighting their promise as biomarkers and their possible utility in improving diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for COVID-19. https://ijaai.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijaai/article/view/4696 https://ijaai.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijaai/article/download/4696/2379