Exercise and Immune System: A Comprehensive Review in the Era of Coronavirus
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the essential role of a strong immune system in fighting infectious diseases. Understanding the relationship between exercise, physical activity, and immune function is crucial for recognizing how lifestyle factors can improve immune resilience. This review article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the effects of exercise on the immune system during the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, it presents recommendations, guidelines, and considerations for engaging in physical activity during this period. Based on the literature review, there is some controversy regarding the effects of high-intensity exercise on individuals' immune systems, whereas moderate exercise is generally beneficial in almost all cases. Also, individuals experiencing severe COVID-19 symptoms or other acute illnesses should abstain from physical activity until recovery.
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8. Rajizadeh MA, Najafipour H, Bejeshk MA. An Updated Comprehensive Review of Plants and Herbal Compounds with Antiasthmatic Effect. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2024;2024(1):5373117.
9. Rezaie Kahkha L, Zamani F, Rezaie Keikhaie K, Mirteimouri M. The Evaluation of Clinical Manifestations of Maternal and Neonates in Covid-19-Infected Pregnant Women Referred to Amir Al-Almomenin Ali Hospital in Zabol. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Cancer Res. 2024;9(2):225-30.
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12. Sodagar H, Ansari MHK, Asghari R, Alipour S. Evaluation of Serum Levels of MicroRNA-200C and ACE2 Gene Expression in Severe and Mild Phases of Patients with COVID-19. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2022;21(3):254-62.
13. Madhavan P, Rizwan F, Shaik I. Immuno-Pathogenesis of Respiratory Diseases. Med Plant Lung Dis: A Pharmacological and Immunological Perspective. 2021:1-46.
14. Buonacera A, Stancanelli B, Colaci M, Malatino L. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio: an emerging marker of the relationships between the immune system and diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(7):3636.
15. Wu J, Chen ZJ. Innate immune sensing and signaling of cytosolic nucleic acids. Annu Rev Immunol. 2014;32(1):461-88.
16. Abraha R. Review on the role and biology of cytokines in adaptive and innate immune system. Arch Vet Anim Sci. 2020;2:2.
17. Team E. The epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19)—China, 2020. China CDC Wkly. 2020;2(8):113.
18. Faghy MA, Duncan R, Hume E, Gough L, Roscoe C, Laddu D, Arena R, Asthon REM, Dalton C. Developing effective strategies to optimize physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness in the long Covid population-The need for caution and objective assessment. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2024.
19. Zhang L, Cheng H-H, Krüger N, Hörnich B, Graichen L, Hahn AS, Schulz SR, Jäck H-M, Stankov MV, Behrens GMN. ACE2-independent sarbecovirus cell entry can be supported by TMPRSS2-related enzymes and can reduce sensitivity to antibody-mediated neutralization. PLoS Pathog. 2024;20(11):e1012653.
20. Nejat R, Torshizi MF, Najafi DJ. S protein, ACE2 and host cell proteases in SARS-CoV-2 cell entry and infectivity; is soluble ACE2 a two blade sword? A narrative review. Vaccines. 2023;11(2):204.
21. Beyer DK, Forero A. Mechanisms of antiviral immune evasion of SARS-CoV-2. J Mol Biol. 2022;434(6):167265.
22. Kudryavtsev I, Rubinstein A, Golovkin A, Kalinina O, Vasilyev K, Rudenko L, Isakova-Sivak I. Dysregulated immune responses in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients: a comprehensive overview. Viruses. 2022;14(5):1082.
23. Lee WS, Wheatley AK, Kent SJ, DeKosky BJ. Antibody-dependent enhancement and SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and therapies. Nat Microbiol. 2020;5(10):1185-91.
24. Dushianthan A, Bracegirdle L, Cusack R, Cumpstey AF, Postle AD, Grocott MPW. Alveolar hyperoxia and exacerbation of lung injury in critically Ill SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. Med. Sci. 2023;11(4):70.
25. Xia B, Shen X, He Y, Pan X, Liu F-L, Wang Y, Yang F, Fang S, Wu Y, Duan Z. SARS-CoV-2 envelope protein causes acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)-like pathological damages and constitutes an antiviral target. Cell Res. 2021;31(8):847-60.
26. Nazerian Y, Ghasemi M, Yassaghi Y, Nazerian A, Hashemi SM. Role of SARS-CoV-2-induced cytokine storm in multi-organ failure: Molecular pathways and potential therapeutic options. Int Immunopharmacol. 2022;113:109428.
27. Yan H, Kuroiwa A, Tanaka H, Shindo M, Kiyonaga A, Nagayama A. Effect of moderate exercise on immune senescence in men. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2001;86:105-11.
28. Phillips MD, Flynn MG, McFarlin BK, Stewart LK, Timmerman KL. Resistance training at eight-repetition maximum reduces the inflammatory milieu in elderly women. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010;42(2):314-25.
29. Nieman DC, Pence BD. Exercise immunology: future directions. J Sport Health Sci. 2020;9(5):432-45.
30. Alifarsangi A, Khaksari M, Seifaddini R. Effect of Exercise, MitoQ, and Their Combination on Inflammatory and Gene Expression in Women with Multiple Sclerosis. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2024;23(6):676-87.
31. Kaushik H. Effect of exercise on different factors affecting the immune system. Comp Exerc Physiol. 2024;1(aop):1-13.
32. Peeri NC, Shrestha N, Rahman MS, Zaki R, Tan Z, Bibi S, Baghbanzadeh M, Aghamohammadi N, Zhang W, Haque U. The SARS, MERS and novel coronavirus (COVID-19) epidemics, the newest and biggest global health threats: what lessons have we learned? Int J Epidemiol. 2020;49(3):717-26.
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| Corona virus Covid 19 Exercise Immune system Physical activity | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Rahimi S, Sayevand Z, Rezaie Kahkhaie L, Ahmadi T, Alifarsangi A. Exercise and Immune System: A Comprehensive Review in the Era of Coronavirus. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2025;:1-13.
