Articles
 

Emotional Freedom Technique (EFT) Effects on Psychoimmunological Factors of Chemically Pulmonary Injured Veterans

Abstract

Emotional Freedom Technique (EFT) as a new therapeutic technique in energy psychology has positive effects on psychological and physiological symptoms, and quality of life. In this research we studied the effect of this treatment on immunological factors. This study tested whether 8-week group sessions of EFT (compared to a wait-list control group) with emphasis on patient's respiratory, psychological and immunological problems in chemically pulmonary injured veterans (N=28) can affect on immunological and psychological factors. Mixed effect linear models indicated that EFT improved mental health (F=79.24, p=0) and health-related quality of life (F=13.89, p=0.001), decreased somatic symptoms (F=5.81, p=0.02), anxiety/insomnia (F=24.03, p<0.001), social dysfunction (F=21.59, p<0.001), frequency and severity of respiratory symptoms (F=20.38, p<0.001), and increased lymphocyte proliferation with nonspecific mitogens Concanavalin A (Con A) (F=14.32, p=0.001) and Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) (F=12.35, p=0.002), and peripheral blood IL-17 (F=9.11, p=0.006). This study provides an initial indication that EFT may be a new therapeutic approach for improving psychological and immunological factors.

1- Feinstein D. Energy psychology: a review of the preliminary evidence. Psychotherapy 2008; 45(2):199-213.
2- Waite W. L, Holder M. D. Assessment of the emotional freedom technique: An alternative treatment for fear. The Scientific Review of Mental Health Practice, 2003; 2(1):20-6.
3- Church D, Hawk C, Brooks AJ, Toukolehto O, Wren M, Dinter I, et al. Psychological trauma symptom improvement in veterans using emotional freedom techniques: a randomized controlled trial. J Nerv Ment Dis 2013(2):153-60.
4- Monson CM, Taft CT, Fredman SJ. Military-related PTSD and Intimate Relationships: From Description to Theory-Driven Research and Intervention Development. Clin Psychol Rev 2009; 29(8):707–14.
5- Karatzias T1, Power K, Brown K, McGoldrick T, Begum M, Young J, et al. A controlled comparison of the effectiveness and efficiency of two psychological therapies for posttraumatic stress disorder: eye movement desensitization and reprocessing vs. emotional freedom techniques. J Nerv Ment Dis 2011; 199(6):372–8.
6- Feinstein D. Rapid treatment of PTSD: why psychological exposure with acupoint tapping may be effective. Psychotherapy (Chic) 2010; 47(3):385-402.
7- Swingle P, Pulos L,Swingle M K. Neurophysiological indicators of EFT treatment of post-traumatic stress. Journal of Subtle Energies & Energy Medicine 2005; 15:75-86.
8- Wells S, Polglase K, Andrews HB, Carrington P, Baker AH. Evaluation of a meridian-based intervention, emotional freedom techniques (EFT), for reducing specific phobias of small animals. J Clin Psychol 2003;59(9):943-66.
9- Salas MM, Brooks AJ, Rowe JE. The immediate effect of a brief energy psychology intervention (Emotional Freedom Techniques) on specific phobias: a pilot study. Explore (NY) 2011; 7(3):155-61.
10- Bougea AM, Spandideas N, Alexopoulos EC, Thomaides T, Chrousos GP, Darviri C. Effect of the emotional freedom technique on perceived stress, quality of life, and cortisol salivary levels in tension-type headache sufferers: a randomized controlled trial. Explore (NY) 2013;9(2):91-9.
11- Boath E, Stewart A, Carryer A. Tapping for success: A pilot study to explore if Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT) can reduce anxiety and enhance academic performance in University students. Innovative Practice in Higher Education 2013; 1(3):1-13.
12- Church D, De Asis MA, Brooks AJ. Brief group intervention using emotional freedom techniques for depression in college students: a randomized controlled trial. Depress Res Treat 2012; 2012:257172.
13- Bakker GM. The current status of energy psychology: extraordinary claims with less than ordinary evidence, Clinical Psychologist.2013; 17(3):91-9.
14- Stapleton P, Church D, Sheldon T, Porter B, Carlopio C.Depression symptoms improve after successful weight loss with emotional freedom techniques. ISRN Psychiatry 2013; 2013:573532.
15- Church D, Brooks A J. The effect of a brief EFT, (Emotional Freedom Techniques) self-intervention on anxiety, depression, pain and cravings in healthcare workers. Integrative Medicine. 2010; 9(4):40–4.
16- Church D, Yount G, Brooks AJ. The effect of emotional freedom techniques on stress biochemistry: a randomized controlled trial. J Nerv Ment Dis 2012;200(10):891-6.
17- Brattberg G. Self-administered EFT (Emotional Freedom Techniques) in Individuals with Fibromyalgia: A Randomized Trial. Integrative Medicine. 2008; 7(4):30-35.
18- Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD. 2013. [Last accessed on 2013 Apr 13]. Available from: http://www.goldcopd.org/
/>19- Sterling M. General Health Questionnaire - 28 (GHQ-28).J Physio ther 2011; 57(4):259.
20- Ferrer M , Alonso J, Prieto L, Plaza V, Monsó E, Marrades R, et al. Validity and reliability of the St George's Respiratory Questionnaire after adaptation to a different language and culture: the Spanish example. Eur Respir J 1996; 9(6):1160-6.
21- Miller G E, Cohen S. (2005). Infectious disease and psychoneuroimmunology. In K. Vedhara & M. R. Irwin (Eds.), Human Psychoneuroimmunology (pp. 219-242). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Link to full-text (pdf)22- Aggarwal S, Gurney AL. IL-17: prototype member of an emerging cytokine family. J Leukoc Biol 2002; 71(1):1–8.
23- Jovanovic DV, Di Battista JA, Martel-Pelletier J, Jolicoeur FC, He Y, Zhang M, Mineau F, et al. IL-17 stimulates the production and expression of proinflammatory cytokines, IL-beta and TNF-alpha, by human macrophages. J Immunol 1998; 160(7):3513-21.
24- Zhang L, Li K, Bing Ma L, Gong S B, Wang GY, Liu Y , et al. Effects and mechanism of arsenic trioxide on reversing the asthma pathologies including Th17-IL-17 axis in a mouse model. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol 2012; 11(2):133-45.
25- Lutgendorf Sk, Costanzo ES. Psychoneuroimmunology and health psychology: An integrative model. Brain Behav Immun 2003; 17(4):225–32.
26- Carlson LE, Speca M, Patel KD, Goodey E.Mindfulnessbased stress reduction in relation to quality of life, mood, symptoms of stress and levels of cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) and melatonin in breast and prostate cancer outpatients. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2004; 29(4):448-74.
27- Witek-Janusek L, Albuquerque K, Chroniak KR, Chroniak C, Durazo-Arvizu R, Mathews HL. Effect of mindfulness based stress reduction on immune function, quality of life and coping in women newly diagnosed with early stage breast cancer. Brain Behav Immun 2008;22(6):969-81.
28- Antoni MH. Stress Management Effects on Psychological, Endocrinological, and Immune Functioning in Men with HIV Infection: Empirical Support for a Psychoneuroimmunological Model. Stress 2003; 6(3):173–88.
29- Lengacher CA, Kip KE, Post-White J, Fitzgerald S, Newton C, Barta M, et al. Lymphocyte recovery after breast cancer treatment and mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) therapy. Biol Res Nurs 2013;15(1):37-47.

Files
IssueVol 14, No 1 (2015) QRcode
SectionArticles
Keywords
Emotion Health Immunological Factors Lung Injury Mental Health Psychological Techniques Quality of Life Veterans

Rights and permissions
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
1.
Babamahmoodi A, Arefnasab Z, Noorbala AA, Ghanei M, Babamahmoodie F, Alipour A, Alimohammadian MH, Riazi Rad F, Khaze V, Darabi H. Emotional Freedom Technique (EFT) Effects on Psychoimmunological Factors of Chemically Pulmonary Injured Veterans. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1;14(1):37-47?.