Shared inflammatory and stress-response transcriptomic alterations in irritant contact dermatitis: a cross-species analysis
Cross-species Molecular Signatures in ICD
-
Yahya Asemani
,
Fatemeh Ezzatifar
,
Mohammad Kamalinejad
,
Ali Anissian
,
Masoud Tohidfar
,
Forouzan Karimi
Abstract
Irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) is a common inflammatory skin disorder characterized by epidermal barrier disruption and dysregulated inflammatory responses, yet its molecular basis remains incompletely understood.
To identify conserved transcriptional alterations associated with ICD, we performed an integrated cross-species transcriptomic analysis of human and murine Gene Expression Omnibus datasets generated using microarray and RNA sequencing platforms. Genes were prioritized using a π-value–based ranking strategy integrating expression effect size and statistical significance, followed by orthology mapping, functional enrichment, and protein–protein interaction network analyses.
A total of 174 prioritized genes were shared across all datasets, forming a conserved cross-species transcriptomic signature associated with ICD. The shared signature comprised increased expression of inflammatory and barrier-associated genes, including S100A8, S100A9, SERPINB3 and SERPINB4, KRT6A, and GJB2, together with mitotic regulators, such as CDK1, CDC20, and AURKB, whereas differentiation- and homeostasis-associated regulators, including GATA3, RORA, and LRP4, were consistently reduced. Functional enrichment identified mitotic cell-cycle processes, chromosome segregation, and Aurora kinase–related pathways, as the dominant biological themes, together with cornified envelope formation, while network analysis prioritized CDK1, CDC20, AURKB, and BIRC5 among the principal hub genes.
Collectively, these findings identify a conserved ICD-associated transcriptomic program consistent with keratinocyte hyperproliferation, impaired epidermal differentiation, barrier remodeling, and innate inflammatory responses. Although requiring independent experimental validation, this conserved signature provides a framework for future mechanistic studies and for the development of candidate biomarkers in irritant-induced skin inflammation.
Jakasa I, Thyssen JP, Kezic S. The role of skin barrier in occupational contact dermatitis. Exp Dermatol. 2018;27(8):909–14.
2. Luckett-Chastain LR, Gipson JR, Gillaspy AF, Gallucci RM. Transcriptional profiling of irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) in a mouse model identifies specific patterns of gene expression and immune-regulation. Toxicology. 2018;410:1–9.
3. Rustemeyer T, Van Hoogstraten IM, Von Blomberg BME, Gibbs S, Scheper RJ. Mechanisms of irritant and allergic contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis. 2011:43–90.
4. Clark SC, Zirwas MJ. Management of occupational dermatitis. Dermatol Clin. 2009;27(3):365–83.
5. Baur R. Investigating the interplay of the immune system, skin barrier, and microbiome following dermal exposure to triclosan: West Virginia University; 2022.
6. Strang H, Kaul A, Parikh U, Masri L, Saravanan S, Li H, et al. Role of cytokines and chemokines in wound healing. Wound Healing, Tissue Repair, and Regeneration in Diabetes: Elsevier; 2020. p. 197–235.
7. Wikramanayake TC, Chéret J, Sevilla A, Birch-Machin M, Paus R. Targeting mitochondria in dermatological therapy: beyond oxidative damage and skin aging. Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2022;26(3):233–59.
8. Clough E, Barrett T, Wilhite SE, Ledoux P, Evangelista C, Kim IF, et al. NCBI GEO: archive for gene expression and epigenomics data sets: 23-year update. Nucleic Acids Res. 2024;52(D1):D138–44.
9. Yang P, Li Y, Li T, Yuan L, Wang S. Screening differentially expressed genes and the pathogenesis in atopic dermatitis using bioinformatics. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand). 2023;69(15):73–8.
10. Bang H, Kim JE, Lee HS, Park SM, Park D-J, Lee EJ. Integrated bioinformatic analysis of gene expression profiling data to identify combinatorial biomarkers in inflammatory skin disease. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):5889.
11. Godec J, Tan Y, Liberzon A, Tamayo P, Bhattacharya S, Butte AJ, et al. Compendium of immune signatures identifies conserved and species-specific biology in response to inflammation. Immunity. 2016;44(1):194–206.
12. Yarani R, Palasca O, Doncheva NT, Anthon C, Pilecki B, Svane CAS, et al. Cross-species high-resolution transcriptome profiling suggests biomarkers and therapeutic targets for ulcerative colitis. Front Mol Biosci. 2022;9:1081176.
13. Clemmensen A, Andersen KE, Clemmensen O, Tan Q, Petersen TK, Kruse TA, et al. Genome-wide expression analysis of human in vivo irritated epidermis: differential profiles induced by sodium lauryl sulfate and nonanoic acid. J Invest Dermatol. 2010;130(9):2201–10.
14. Lefevre MA, Nosbaum A, Rozieres A, Lenief V, Mosnier A, Cortial A, et al. Unique molecular signatures typify skin inflammation induced by chemical allergens and irritants. Allergy. 2021;76(12):3697–712.
15. Barrett T, Wilhite SE, Ledoux P, Evangelista C, Kim IF, Tomashevsky M, et al. NCBI GEO: archive for functional genomics data sets—update. Nucleic Acids Res. 2012;41(D1):D991–5.
16. Xiao Y, Hsiao TH, Suresh U, Chen HI, Wu X, Wolf SE, et al. A novel significance score for gene selection and ranking. Bioinformatics. 2014;30(6):801–7.
17. Zhou Y, Zhou B, Pache L, Chang M, Khodabakhshi AH, Tanaseichuk O, et al. Metascape provides a biologist-oriented resource for the analysis of systems-level datasets. Nat Commun. 2019;10(1):1523.
18. Ge SX, Jung D, Yao R. ShinyGO: a graphical gene-set enrichment tool for animals and plants. Bioinformatics. 2020;36(8):2628–9.
19. Fortino V, Wisgrill L, Werner P, Suomela S, Linder N, Jalonen E, et al. Machine-learning–driven biomarker discovery for the discrimination between allergic and irritant contact dermatitis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020;117(52):33474–85.
20. Zhao Z, Cheng J, Hou Q, Zhu J, Chen T, Lu S, et al. Role of FOXM1 and AURKB in regulating keratinocyte function in psoriasis. Open Med (Wars). 2024;19(1):20241049.
21. Zhu HJ, Fan M, Gao W. Identification of potential hub genes associated with skin wound healing based on time course bioinformatic analyses. BMC Surg. 2021;21(1):303.
22. Frempah B, Luckett-Chastain LR, Gallucci RM. IL-6 negatively regulates IL-22Rα expression on epidermal keratinocytes: implications for irritant contact dermatitis. J Immunol Res. 2019;2019:6276254.
23. Niehues H, Rikken G, van Vlijmen-Willems I, Rodijk-Olthuis D, van Erp PEJ, Zeeuwen P, et al. Identification of keratinocyte mitogens: implications for hyperproliferation in psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. JID Innov. 2022;2(1):100066.
24. Peng Y, Zhang Y, Luo M, Pan Y, Zhou R, Yan YN, et al. NEK2 overexpression aggravates IL-22-induced keratinocyte proliferation and cytokine level increases and IMQ-induced psoriasis-like dermatitis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res. 2023;1870(8):119525.
25. Zeng F, Du S, Wu M, Dai C, Li J, Wang J, et al. The oncogenic kinase TOPK upregulates in psoriatic keratinocytes and contributes to psoriasis progression by regulating neutrophils infiltration. Cell Commun Signal. 2024;22(1):386.
26. Palomo-Irigoyen M, Bakiri L, Hendrikx T, Hayer S, Schaffenrath J, Widder S, et al. Chronic skin and systemic inflammation modulated by S100A8 and S100A9 complexes. Cell Death Differ. 2025;32(10):1833-44.
27. Saito-Sasaki N, Sawada Y. S100 proteins in the pathogenesis of psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. Diagnostics (Basel). 2023;13(20):3167.
28. Starkova T, Polyanichko A, Tomilin AN, Chikhirzhina E. Structure and functions of HMGB2 protein. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(9):8334.
29. Xia P, Ji X, Yan L, Lian S, Chen Z, Luo Y. Roles of S100A8, S100A9 and S100A12 in infection, inflammation and immunity. Immunology. 2024;171(3):365–76.
30. Ma L, Sun P, Zhang JC, Zhang Q, Yao SL. Proinflammatory effects of S100A8/A9 via TLR4 and RAGE signaling pathways in BV-2 microglial cells. Int J Mol Med. 2017;40(1):31–8.
31. Wang S, Song R, Wang Z, Jing Z, Wang S, Ma J. S100A8/A9 in inflammation. Front Immunol. 2018;9:1298.
32. Ries C. Cytokine functions of TIMP-1. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2014;71(4):659–72.
33. Groom JR, Luster AD. CXCR3 in T cell function. Exp Cell Res. 2011;317(5):620–31.
34. Wolf MJ, Seleznik GM, Zeller N, Heikenwalder M. The unexpected role of lymphotoxin beta receptor signaling in carcinogenesis: from lymphoid tissue formation to liver and prostate cancer development. Oncogene. 2010;29(36):5006–18.
35. Huang C, Hatzi K, Melnick A. Lineage-specific functions of Bcl-6 in immunity and inflammation are mediated by distinct biochemical mechanisms. Nat Immunol. 2013;14(4):380–8.
36. Kim MJ, Im MA, Lee JS, Mun JY, Kim DH, Gu A, et al. Effect of S100A8 and S100A9 on expressions of cytokine and skin barrier protein in human keratinocytes. Mol Med Rep. 2019;20(3):2476–83.
37. Petrilli A, Barnaba D, Mancini M, Fania L, Ricci F, Dellambra E, et al. Solute carrier family (SLC) amino acid transporters are upregulated in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Biol Direct. 2026;21(1):17.
38. Cibrian D, Castillo-González R, Fernández-Gallego N, de la Fuente H, Jorge I, Saiz ML, et al. Targeting L-type amino acid transporter 1 in innate and adaptive T cells efficiently controls skin inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020;145(1):199–214.e11.
39. Koumakis E, Millet-Botti J, Benna JE, Leroy C, Boitez V, Codogno P, et al. Novel function of PiT1/SLC20A1 in LPS-related inflammation and wound healing. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):1808.
40. Piaggi S, Lorenzini E, Pratesi F, Migliorini P, Pompella A, Bruschi F, et al. Anti-glutathione S-transferase omega 1-1 (GSTO1-1) antibodies are increased during acute and chronic inflammation in humans. Clin Exp Immunol. 2022;209(3):305–10.
41. Menon D, Coll R, O'Neill LA, Board PG. Glutathione transferase omega 1 is required for the lipopolysaccharide-stimulated induction of NADPH oxidase 1 and the production of reactive oxygen species in macrophages. Free Radic Biol Med. 2014;73:318–27.
42. Kashgari G, Venkatesh S, Refuerzo S, Pham B, Bayat A, Klein RH, et al. GRHL3 activates FSCN1 to relax cell-cell adhesions between migrating keratinocytes during wound reepithelialization. JCI Insight. 2021;6(17):e142577.
43. Liu Z, Bian X, Luo L, Björklund ÅK, Li L, Zhang L, et al. Spatiotemporal single-cell roadmap of human skin wound healing. Cell Stem Cell. 2025;32(3):479–98.e8.
44. Jung H, Lee KP, Park SJ, Park JH, Jang YS, Choi SY, et al. TMPRSS4 promotes invasion, migration and metastasis of human tumor cells by facilitating an epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Oncogene. 2008;27(18):2635–47.
45. Zhang X, Yin M, Zhang LJ. Keratin 6, 16 and 17-critical barrier alarmin molecules in skin wounds and psoriasis. Cells. 2019;8(8):807.
46. Romashin DD, Tolstova TV, Varshaver AM, Kozhin PM, Rusanov AL, Luzgina NG. Keratins 6, 16, and 17 in health and disease: a summary of recent findings. Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2024;46(8):8627–41.
47. Djalilian AR, McGaughey D, Patel S, Seo EY, Yang C, Cheng J, et al. Connexin 26 regulates epidermal barrier and wound remodeling and promotes psoriasiform response. J Clin Invest. 2006;116(5):1243–53.
48. de Guzman Strong C, Wertz PW, Wang C, Yang F, Meltzer PS, Andl T, et al. Lipid defect underlies selective skin barrier impairment of an epidermal-specific deletion of Gata-3. J Cell Biol. 2006;175(4):661–70.
49. Wang J, Cui B, Chen Z, Ding X. The regulation of skin homeostasis, repair and the pathogenesis of skin diseases by spatiotemporal activation of epidermal mTOR signaling. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2022;10:950973.
50. Wörthmüller J, Rüegg C. MAGI1, a scaffold protein with tumor suppressive and vascular functions. Cells. 2021;10(6):1494.
51. Ahn Y, Sims C, Logue JM, Weatherbee SD, Krumlauf R. Lrp4 and Wise interplay controls the formation and patterning of mammary and other skin appendage placodes by modulating Wnt signaling. Development. 2013;140(3):583–93.
52. Han Y, Wang X, Cheng X, Zhao M, Zhao T, Guo L, et al. Close homolog of L1 deficiency exacerbated intestinal epithelial barrier function in mouse model of dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. Front Physiol. 2020;11:584508.
53. Hua X, Blosch CD, Dorsey H, Ficaro MK, Wallace NL, Hsung RP, et al. Epidermal loss of RORα enhances skin inflammation in a MC903-induced mouse model of atopic dermatitis. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(12).
54. Schmuth M, Eckmann S, Moosbrugger-Martinz V, Ortner-Tobider D, Blunder S, Trafoier T, et al. Skin barrier in atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol. 2024;144(5):989–1000.e1.
55. Möller A, Jauch-Speer SL, Gandhi S, Vogl T, Roth J, Fehler O. The roles of toll-like receptor 4, CD33, CD68, CD69, or CD147/EMMPRIN for monocyte activation by the DAMP S100A8/S100A9. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1110185.
56. Frisoli ML, Ko WC, Martinez N, Afshari K, Wang Y, Garber M, et al. Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals molecular signatures that distinguish allergic from irritant contact dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol. 2025;145(5):1117–26.e14.
57. Sivaprasad U, Kinker KG, Ericksen MB, Lindsey M, Gibson AM, Bass SA, et al. SERPINB3/B4 contributes to early inflammation and barrier dysfunction in an experimental murine model of atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol. 2015;135(1):160–9.
58. Zieman AG, Poll BG, Ma J, Coulombe PA. Altered keratinocyte differentiation is an early driver of keratin mutation-based palmoplantar keratoderma. Hum Mol Genet. 2019;28(13):2255–70.
59. Furue M, Furue K, Tsuji G, Nakahara T. Interleukin-17A and keratinocytes in psoriasis. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(4):1275.
2. Luckett-Chastain LR, Gipson JR, Gillaspy AF, Gallucci RM. Transcriptional profiling of irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) in a mouse model identifies specific patterns of gene expression and immune-regulation. Toxicology. 2018;410:1–9.
3. Rustemeyer T, Van Hoogstraten IM, Von Blomberg BME, Gibbs S, Scheper RJ. Mechanisms of irritant and allergic contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis. 2011:43–90.
4. Clark SC, Zirwas MJ. Management of occupational dermatitis. Dermatol Clin. 2009;27(3):365–83.
5. Baur R. Investigating the interplay of the immune system, skin barrier, and microbiome following dermal exposure to triclosan: West Virginia University; 2022.
6. Strang H, Kaul A, Parikh U, Masri L, Saravanan S, Li H, et al. Role of cytokines and chemokines in wound healing. Wound Healing, Tissue Repair, and Regeneration in Diabetes: Elsevier; 2020. p. 197–235.
7. Wikramanayake TC, Chéret J, Sevilla A, Birch-Machin M, Paus R. Targeting mitochondria in dermatological therapy: beyond oxidative damage and skin aging. Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2022;26(3):233–59.
8. Clough E, Barrett T, Wilhite SE, Ledoux P, Evangelista C, Kim IF, et al. NCBI GEO: archive for gene expression and epigenomics data sets: 23-year update. Nucleic Acids Res. 2024;52(D1):D138–44.
9. Yang P, Li Y, Li T, Yuan L, Wang S. Screening differentially expressed genes and the pathogenesis in atopic dermatitis using bioinformatics. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand). 2023;69(15):73–8.
10. Bang H, Kim JE, Lee HS, Park SM, Park D-J, Lee EJ. Integrated bioinformatic analysis of gene expression profiling data to identify combinatorial biomarkers in inflammatory skin disease. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):5889.
11. Godec J, Tan Y, Liberzon A, Tamayo P, Bhattacharya S, Butte AJ, et al. Compendium of immune signatures identifies conserved and species-specific biology in response to inflammation. Immunity. 2016;44(1):194–206.
12. Yarani R, Palasca O, Doncheva NT, Anthon C, Pilecki B, Svane CAS, et al. Cross-species high-resolution transcriptome profiling suggests biomarkers and therapeutic targets for ulcerative colitis. Front Mol Biosci. 2022;9:1081176.
13. Clemmensen A, Andersen KE, Clemmensen O, Tan Q, Petersen TK, Kruse TA, et al. Genome-wide expression analysis of human in vivo irritated epidermis: differential profiles induced by sodium lauryl sulfate and nonanoic acid. J Invest Dermatol. 2010;130(9):2201–10.
14. Lefevre MA, Nosbaum A, Rozieres A, Lenief V, Mosnier A, Cortial A, et al. Unique molecular signatures typify skin inflammation induced by chemical allergens and irritants. Allergy. 2021;76(12):3697–712.
15. Barrett T, Wilhite SE, Ledoux P, Evangelista C, Kim IF, Tomashevsky M, et al. NCBI GEO: archive for functional genomics data sets—update. Nucleic Acids Res. 2012;41(D1):D991–5.
16. Xiao Y, Hsiao TH, Suresh U, Chen HI, Wu X, Wolf SE, et al. A novel significance score for gene selection and ranking. Bioinformatics. 2014;30(6):801–7.
17. Zhou Y, Zhou B, Pache L, Chang M, Khodabakhshi AH, Tanaseichuk O, et al. Metascape provides a biologist-oriented resource for the analysis of systems-level datasets. Nat Commun. 2019;10(1):1523.
18. Ge SX, Jung D, Yao R. ShinyGO: a graphical gene-set enrichment tool for animals and plants. Bioinformatics. 2020;36(8):2628–9.
19. Fortino V, Wisgrill L, Werner P, Suomela S, Linder N, Jalonen E, et al. Machine-learning–driven biomarker discovery for the discrimination between allergic and irritant contact dermatitis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020;117(52):33474–85.
20. Zhao Z, Cheng J, Hou Q, Zhu J, Chen T, Lu S, et al. Role of FOXM1 and AURKB in regulating keratinocyte function in psoriasis. Open Med (Wars). 2024;19(1):20241049.
21. Zhu HJ, Fan M, Gao W. Identification of potential hub genes associated with skin wound healing based on time course bioinformatic analyses. BMC Surg. 2021;21(1):303.
22. Frempah B, Luckett-Chastain LR, Gallucci RM. IL-6 negatively regulates IL-22Rα expression on epidermal keratinocytes: implications for irritant contact dermatitis. J Immunol Res. 2019;2019:6276254.
23. Niehues H, Rikken G, van Vlijmen-Willems I, Rodijk-Olthuis D, van Erp PEJ, Zeeuwen P, et al. Identification of keratinocyte mitogens: implications for hyperproliferation in psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. JID Innov. 2022;2(1):100066.
24. Peng Y, Zhang Y, Luo M, Pan Y, Zhou R, Yan YN, et al. NEK2 overexpression aggravates IL-22-induced keratinocyte proliferation and cytokine level increases and IMQ-induced psoriasis-like dermatitis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res. 2023;1870(8):119525.
25. Zeng F, Du S, Wu M, Dai C, Li J, Wang J, et al. The oncogenic kinase TOPK upregulates in psoriatic keratinocytes and contributes to psoriasis progression by regulating neutrophils infiltration. Cell Commun Signal. 2024;22(1):386.
26. Palomo-Irigoyen M, Bakiri L, Hendrikx T, Hayer S, Schaffenrath J, Widder S, et al. Chronic skin and systemic inflammation modulated by S100A8 and S100A9 complexes. Cell Death Differ. 2025;32(10):1833-44.
27. Saito-Sasaki N, Sawada Y. S100 proteins in the pathogenesis of psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. Diagnostics (Basel). 2023;13(20):3167.
28. Starkova T, Polyanichko A, Tomilin AN, Chikhirzhina E. Structure and functions of HMGB2 protein. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(9):8334.
29. Xia P, Ji X, Yan L, Lian S, Chen Z, Luo Y. Roles of S100A8, S100A9 and S100A12 in infection, inflammation and immunity. Immunology. 2024;171(3):365–76.
30. Ma L, Sun P, Zhang JC, Zhang Q, Yao SL. Proinflammatory effects of S100A8/A9 via TLR4 and RAGE signaling pathways in BV-2 microglial cells. Int J Mol Med. 2017;40(1):31–8.
31. Wang S, Song R, Wang Z, Jing Z, Wang S, Ma J. S100A8/A9 in inflammation. Front Immunol. 2018;9:1298.
32. Ries C. Cytokine functions of TIMP-1. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2014;71(4):659–72.
33. Groom JR, Luster AD. CXCR3 in T cell function. Exp Cell Res. 2011;317(5):620–31.
34. Wolf MJ, Seleznik GM, Zeller N, Heikenwalder M. The unexpected role of lymphotoxin beta receptor signaling in carcinogenesis: from lymphoid tissue formation to liver and prostate cancer development. Oncogene. 2010;29(36):5006–18.
35. Huang C, Hatzi K, Melnick A. Lineage-specific functions of Bcl-6 in immunity and inflammation are mediated by distinct biochemical mechanisms. Nat Immunol. 2013;14(4):380–8.
36. Kim MJ, Im MA, Lee JS, Mun JY, Kim DH, Gu A, et al. Effect of S100A8 and S100A9 on expressions of cytokine and skin barrier protein in human keratinocytes. Mol Med Rep. 2019;20(3):2476–83.
37. Petrilli A, Barnaba D, Mancini M, Fania L, Ricci F, Dellambra E, et al. Solute carrier family (SLC) amino acid transporters are upregulated in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Biol Direct. 2026;21(1):17.
38. Cibrian D, Castillo-González R, Fernández-Gallego N, de la Fuente H, Jorge I, Saiz ML, et al. Targeting L-type amino acid transporter 1 in innate and adaptive T cells efficiently controls skin inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020;145(1):199–214.e11.
39. Koumakis E, Millet-Botti J, Benna JE, Leroy C, Boitez V, Codogno P, et al. Novel function of PiT1/SLC20A1 in LPS-related inflammation and wound healing. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):1808.
40. Piaggi S, Lorenzini E, Pratesi F, Migliorini P, Pompella A, Bruschi F, et al. Anti-glutathione S-transferase omega 1-1 (GSTO1-1) antibodies are increased during acute and chronic inflammation in humans. Clin Exp Immunol. 2022;209(3):305–10.
41. Menon D, Coll R, O'Neill LA, Board PG. Glutathione transferase omega 1 is required for the lipopolysaccharide-stimulated induction of NADPH oxidase 1 and the production of reactive oxygen species in macrophages. Free Radic Biol Med. 2014;73:318–27.
42. Kashgari G, Venkatesh S, Refuerzo S, Pham B, Bayat A, Klein RH, et al. GRHL3 activates FSCN1 to relax cell-cell adhesions between migrating keratinocytes during wound reepithelialization. JCI Insight. 2021;6(17):e142577.
43. Liu Z, Bian X, Luo L, Björklund ÅK, Li L, Zhang L, et al. Spatiotemporal single-cell roadmap of human skin wound healing. Cell Stem Cell. 2025;32(3):479–98.e8.
44. Jung H, Lee KP, Park SJ, Park JH, Jang YS, Choi SY, et al. TMPRSS4 promotes invasion, migration and metastasis of human tumor cells by facilitating an epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Oncogene. 2008;27(18):2635–47.
45. Zhang X, Yin M, Zhang LJ. Keratin 6, 16 and 17-critical barrier alarmin molecules in skin wounds and psoriasis. Cells. 2019;8(8):807.
46. Romashin DD, Tolstova TV, Varshaver AM, Kozhin PM, Rusanov AL, Luzgina NG. Keratins 6, 16, and 17 in health and disease: a summary of recent findings. Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2024;46(8):8627–41.
47. Djalilian AR, McGaughey D, Patel S, Seo EY, Yang C, Cheng J, et al. Connexin 26 regulates epidermal barrier and wound remodeling and promotes psoriasiform response. J Clin Invest. 2006;116(5):1243–53.
48. de Guzman Strong C, Wertz PW, Wang C, Yang F, Meltzer PS, Andl T, et al. Lipid defect underlies selective skin barrier impairment of an epidermal-specific deletion of Gata-3. J Cell Biol. 2006;175(4):661–70.
49. Wang J, Cui B, Chen Z, Ding X. The regulation of skin homeostasis, repair and the pathogenesis of skin diseases by spatiotemporal activation of epidermal mTOR signaling. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2022;10:950973.
50. Wörthmüller J, Rüegg C. MAGI1, a scaffold protein with tumor suppressive and vascular functions. Cells. 2021;10(6):1494.
51. Ahn Y, Sims C, Logue JM, Weatherbee SD, Krumlauf R. Lrp4 and Wise interplay controls the formation and patterning of mammary and other skin appendage placodes by modulating Wnt signaling. Development. 2013;140(3):583–93.
52. Han Y, Wang X, Cheng X, Zhao M, Zhao T, Guo L, et al. Close homolog of L1 deficiency exacerbated intestinal epithelial barrier function in mouse model of dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. Front Physiol. 2020;11:584508.
53. Hua X, Blosch CD, Dorsey H, Ficaro MK, Wallace NL, Hsung RP, et al. Epidermal loss of RORα enhances skin inflammation in a MC903-induced mouse model of atopic dermatitis. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(12).
54. Schmuth M, Eckmann S, Moosbrugger-Martinz V, Ortner-Tobider D, Blunder S, Trafoier T, et al. Skin barrier in atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol. 2024;144(5):989–1000.e1.
55. Möller A, Jauch-Speer SL, Gandhi S, Vogl T, Roth J, Fehler O. The roles of toll-like receptor 4, CD33, CD68, CD69, or CD147/EMMPRIN for monocyte activation by the DAMP S100A8/S100A9. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1110185.
56. Frisoli ML, Ko WC, Martinez N, Afshari K, Wang Y, Garber M, et al. Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals molecular signatures that distinguish allergic from irritant contact dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol. 2025;145(5):1117–26.e14.
57. Sivaprasad U, Kinker KG, Ericksen MB, Lindsey M, Gibson AM, Bass SA, et al. SERPINB3/B4 contributes to early inflammation and barrier dysfunction in an experimental murine model of atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol. 2015;135(1):160–9.
58. Zieman AG, Poll BG, Ma J, Coulombe PA. Altered keratinocyte differentiation is an early driver of keratin mutation-based palmoplantar keratoderma. Hum Mol Genet. 2019;28(13):2255–70.
59. Furue M, Furue K, Tsuji G, Nakahara T. Interleukin-17A and keratinocytes in psoriasis. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(4):1275.
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How to Cite
1.
Asemani Y, Ezzatifar F, Kamalinejad M, Anissian A, Tohidfar M, Karimi F. Shared inflammatory and stress-response transcriptomic alterations in irritant contact dermatitis: a cross-species analysis. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2026;:1-16.
