Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Modulate PBMC Cytokines and Trigger Cytotoxicity, Apoptosis, and Anti-angiogenic Effects in HeLa Cells in Co-culture
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Abstract
Cervical cancer is the fourth most prevalent malignancy among women globally. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) possess significant potential in cancer therapy due to their unique physicochemical properties, biocompatibility, and apoptosis-inducing abilities. While ZnO-NPs have been examined in HeLa cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) individually, their immunological and angiogenesis-related effects in immune-tumor co-culture systems was insufficiently investigated. This study assessed the apoptotic, anti-angiogenic, and cytokine-modulating effects of ZnO-NPs in a HeLa/PBMC co-culture model.
HeLa cells were co-cultured with PBMCs and treated with ZnO-NPs under different groups. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using MTT assay, apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry, and gene expression levels were measured using real-time PCR.
ZnO-NPs significantly reduced HeLa cells viability with a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 7 µg/mL, while PBMCs showed more resistance (IC50=40 µg/mL). In the HeLa/PBMC/ZnO co-culture group, gene expression analysis in PBMCs revealed significant upregulation of IL1B, TNF, IFNG, and TGFB1 compared with the HeLa/PBMC group, while IL2 and IL4 expression levels showed no significant changes. VEGFA expression in HeLa cells was reduced in all treated groups, with the greatest decrease in the HeLa/PBMC/ZnO group. Co-culture with PBMCs and ZnO-NP treatment significantly promoted apoptosis in HeLa cells.
In conclusion, ZnO-NPs induce cytotoxic and anti-angiogenic effects on HeLa cells, particularly within a PBMC co-culture setting, highlighting the contribution of immune–tumor interactions to ZnO-NP–mediated anti-cancer responses; however, more investigations at the protein and functional levels are necessary to validate these effects.
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4. Zivyar N, Pourmortazavi SM, Taghdiri M, Rahimi Kalateh Shah Mohammad G, Saboury AA, Falahati M. Evaluation of green synthesis, characterization and antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles from Crocus sativus corm extract. J Hortic Postharvest Res. 2021;4(Spec Iss):19–32.
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6. Jayaseelan C, Rahuman AA, Kirthi AV, Marimuthu S, Santhoshkumar T, Bagavan A, et al. Novel microbial route to synthesize ZnO nanoparticles and their activity against pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2012;90:78–84.
7. Chung IM, Rahuman AA, Marimuthu S, Kirthi AV, Anbarasan K, Rajakumar G. Cytotoxicity and caspase-mediated apoptotic effect of green synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles on human liver carcinoma cells. Nanomaterials (Basel). 2015;5(3):1317–30.
8. Wiesmann N, Tremel W, Brieger J. Zinc oxide nanoparticles for therapeutic purposes in cancer medicine. J Mater Chem B. 2020;8(23):4973–89.
9. Mishra PK, Mishra H, Ekielski A, Talegaonkar S, Vaidya B. Zinc oxide nanoparticles: a promising nanomaterial for biomedical applications. Drug Discov Today. 2017;22(12):1825–34.
10. Zhang ZY, Xiong HM. Photoluminescent ZnO nanoparticles and their biological applications. Materials (Basel). 2015;8(6):3101–27.
11. Reichel D, Tripathi M, Perez JM. Biological effects of nanoparticles on macrophage polarization in the tumor microenvironment. Nanotheranostics. 2019;3(1):66–88.
12. Yi M, Zhang J, Li A, Niu M, Yan Y, Jiao Y, et al. Targeting cytokine and chemokine signaling pathways for cancer therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2024;9(1):176.
13. Jou E. Type 1 and type 2 cytokine-mediated immune orchestration in the tumour microenvironment and their therapeutic potential. Explor Target Antitumor Ther. 2023;4(3):474–97.
14. Lee C, Lee J, Choi J, Park S, Kim Y, Kim H, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor signaling in health and disease. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2025;10(1):170.
15. Selvakumari D, Deepa R, Mahalakshmi V, Subhashini P, Lakshmi PT. Anticancer activity of ZnO nanoparticles on MCF-7 and A549 cancer cell lines. ARPN J Eng Appl Sci. 2015;10(12):5418–22.
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23. Rajeshkumar S, Malarkodi C, Vanaja M, Annadurai G. Biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Mangifera indica leaves and cytotoxic properties in A549 cells. Enzyme Microb Technol. 2018;117:91–5.
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25. Malaikozhundan B, Vaseeharan B, Vijayakumar S, Pandiselvi K, Kalanjiam R, Murugan K, et al. Pongamia pinnata-coated zinc oxide nanoparticles against pathogens and breast cancer cells. Microb Pathog. 2017;104:268–77.
26. Prasad KS, Pathak D, Patel A, Dalwadi P, Prasad R, Patel P. Antitumor potential of green synthesized ZnO nanoparticles against breast cancer cells. Separations. 2021;8(1):8.
27. Sadhukhan P, Kundu M, Chatterjee S, Ghosh N, Manna P, Das J, et al. Targeted delivery of quercetin via pH-responsive zinc oxide nanoparticles for breast cancer therapy. Mater Sci Eng C. 2019;100:129–40.
28. Cheng J, Zhang S, Wang L, Wang Z, Wu Y. Green synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles regulate apoptotic expression in MG-63 cells. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2020;202:111644.
29. Ahlam AA, Al-Hazmi F, Al-Ghamdi AA, Alnowaiser F, Alarfaj N, Siddiqui MRH, et al. Zinc oxide nanoparticles induce apoptotic–necrotic death in cancer cells. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2021;199:1778–801.
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31. El-Belely EF, Farag MM, Said HA, Amin AS, Azab E, Gobara M, et al. Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles and biomedical activities. Nanomaterials (Basel). 2021;11(1):95.
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33. Li Z, Huang J, Wu Y, Guo Y, Liu M, Xu Y, et al. Zinc oxide nanoparticles induce multiple myeloma cell death via ROS-mediated signaling. Biomed Pharmacother. 2020;122:109712.
34. Wahab R, Khan F, Mishra YK, Musarrat J, Al-Khedhairy AA. Zinc oxide quantum dots induce apoptosis via caspase activation. RSC Adv. 2016;6(31):26111–20.
35. Wang J, Deng X, Zhang F, Chen D, Ding W, Zhang Y, et al. Zinc oxide nanoparticles activate mitophagy in oral cancer cells. Int J Nanomedicine. 2018;13:3441–50.
36. Bi C, Li L, Wang Z, Zhou Y, Wang H, Liu Y. Biofabrication of zinc oxide nanoparticles and cytotoxicity toward gastric cancer cells. Biomed Res. 2017;28:2065–9.
37. Perera W, Hewavitharana AK, Navaratne SB, Wickramasinghe S, Fernando SSN, Rajapakse RPVJ. Curcumin-loaded zinc oxide nanoparticles for enhanced anticancer activity. RSC Adv. 2020;10(51):30785–95.
38. Wahab R, Kim YS, Mishra A, Yun SI, Shin HS. Cytotoxic effect of ZnO nanostructures on brain and cervical cancer cells. JBIC J Biol Inorg Chem. 2011;16:431–42.
39. Bai DP, Zhang XF, Zhang GL, Huang YF, Gurunathan S. Zinc oxide nanoparticles induce apoptosis and autophagy in ovarian cancer cells. Int J Nanomedicine. 2017;12:6521–35.
40. Padmanabhan A, Khan A, Najafabadi AH, Khan N, Khan I, Zubair M, et al. Zinc oxide nanoparticles trigger apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells. Appl Surf Sci. 2019;487:807–18.
41. Wahab R, Khan F, Yang YB, Hwang IH, Shin HS. ZnO nanoparticles induce oxidative stress in melanoma cells. J Biomed Nanotechnol. 2013;9(3):441–9.
42. Wang SW, Lee CH, Lin MS, Chi CW, Chen YC, Wang YJ, et al. ZnO nanoparticles induce apoptosis in gingival carcinoma cells. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(5):1612.
43. Alsagaby SA, Khan M, Mousa RA, Abd-Elkader OH, Al-Otaibi F, Ahmed F, et al. Transcriptomics-based characterization of ZnO nanoparticle toxicity. Int J Nanomedicine. 2020;15:7901–21.
44. AbuMousa RA, Alsagaby SA, Alshahrani MY, Mousa SA, Khan M. Photocatalytic effects of WO₃/ZnO nanocomposite on HeLa cells. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2020;27(7):1743–52.
45. Dillip GR, Reddy TS, Sadanandam G, Reddy NS, Reddy VR. In vitro cytotoxicity of zinc oxide–anchored nanofibers on HeLa cells. Mater Sci Semicond Process. 2017;59:87–92.
46. Sirelkhatim A, Mahmud S, Seeni A, Kaus NHM, Ann LC, Bakhori SKM, et al. Preferential cytotoxicity of ZnO nanoparticles toward cervical cancer cells. J Nanopart Res. 2016;18:1–17.
47. Aghazadeh-Ghomi M, Pourabbas Z. Rapid synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles via precipitation. J Mater Sci Mater Electron. 2021;32(19):24363–8.
48. Mohanasundaram P, Saral MA. Biological applications of green synthesized ZnO nanoparticles from neem flower. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):17727.
49. Gojova A, Guo B, Kota RS, Rutledge JC, Kennedy IM, Barakat AI. Inflammation induced by metal oxide nanoparticles. Environ Health Perspect. 2007;115(3):403–9.
50. Duffin R, Tran L, Brown D, Stone V, Donaldson K. Proinflammogenic effects of metal nanoparticles. Inhal Toxicol. 2007;19(10):849–56.
51. Hanley C, Layne J, Punnoose A, Reddy KM, Coombs I, Coombs A, et al. Influence of ZnO nanoparticle size on immune cell cytotoxicity. Nanoscale Res Lett. 2009;4(12):1409–20.
52. Sayes CM, Reed KL, Warheit DB. Toxicity assessment of fine and nanoparticles. Toxicol Sci. 2007;97(1):163–80.
53. Beyerle A, Irmler M, Beckers J, Kissel T, Stoeger T. Screening strategy to avoid toxicological hazards of nanoparticles. J Phys Conf Ser. 2009;170:012003.
54. Hanley C, Thurber A, Hanna C, Punnoose A, Zhang J, Wingett DG. Size-dependent cytotoxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles. Nanoscale Res Lett. 2009;4:1409–20.
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2. Maio M, Ascierto PA, Manzyuk L, Motola-Kuba D, Penel N, Cassier PA, et al. Pembrolizumab in microsatellite instability–high or mismatch repair–deficient cancers: updated analysis from the phase II KEYNOTE-158 study. Ann Oncol. 2022;33(9):929–38.
3. Monk BJ, Colombo N, Oza AM, Fujiwara K, Birrer MJ, Randall L, et al. First-line pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy versus placebo plus chemotherapy for persistent, recurrent, or metastatic cervical cancer: final overall survival results of KEYNOTE-826. J Clin Oncol. 2023;41(36):5505–11.
4. Zivyar N, Pourmortazavi SM, Taghdiri M, Rahimi Kalateh Shah Mohammad G, Saboury AA, Falahati M. Evaluation of green synthesis, characterization and antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles from Crocus sativus corm extract. J Hortic Postharvest Res. 2021;4(Spec Iss):19–32.
5. Ratan ZA, Haidere MF, Nurunnabi M, Shahriar SM, Ahammad AJ, Shim YB, et al. Green chemistry synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their potential anticancer effects. Cancers (Basel). 2020;12(4):855.
6. Jayaseelan C, Rahuman AA, Kirthi AV, Marimuthu S, Santhoshkumar T, Bagavan A, et al. Novel microbial route to synthesize ZnO nanoparticles and their activity against pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2012;90:78–84.
7. Chung IM, Rahuman AA, Marimuthu S, Kirthi AV, Anbarasan K, Rajakumar G. Cytotoxicity and caspase-mediated apoptotic effect of green synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles on human liver carcinoma cells. Nanomaterials (Basel). 2015;5(3):1317–30.
8. Wiesmann N, Tremel W, Brieger J. Zinc oxide nanoparticles for therapeutic purposes in cancer medicine. J Mater Chem B. 2020;8(23):4973–89.
9. Mishra PK, Mishra H, Ekielski A, Talegaonkar S, Vaidya B. Zinc oxide nanoparticles: a promising nanomaterial for biomedical applications. Drug Discov Today. 2017;22(12):1825–34.
10. Zhang ZY, Xiong HM. Photoluminescent ZnO nanoparticles and their biological applications. Materials (Basel). 2015;8(6):3101–27.
11. Reichel D, Tripathi M, Perez JM. Biological effects of nanoparticles on macrophage polarization in the tumor microenvironment. Nanotheranostics. 2019;3(1):66–88.
12. Yi M, Zhang J, Li A, Niu M, Yan Y, Jiao Y, et al. Targeting cytokine and chemokine signaling pathways for cancer therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2024;9(1):176.
13. Jou E. Type 1 and type 2 cytokine-mediated immune orchestration in the tumour microenvironment and their therapeutic potential. Explor Target Antitumor Ther. 2023;4(3):474–97.
14. Lee C, Lee J, Choi J, Park S, Kim Y, Kim H, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor signaling in health and disease. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2025;10(1):170.
15. Selvakumari D, Deepa R, Mahalakshmi V, Subhashini P, Lakshmi PT. Anticancer activity of ZnO nanoparticles on MCF-7 and A549 cancer cell lines. ARPN J Eng Appl Sci. 2015;10(12):5418–22.
16. Valdiglesias V, Costa C, Sharma V, Kilic G, Pasaro E, Teixeira JP, et al. Neuronal cytotoxicity and genotoxicity induced by zinc oxide nanoparticles. Environ Int. 2013;55:92–100.
17. Wahab R, Kim YS, Mishra A, Yun SI, Shin HS. ZnO nanoparticles induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in HepG2 and MCF-7 cancer cells. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2014;117:267–76.
18. Wang Y, Zhang S, Wei X, Zhang X, Zhang J. Synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in laryngeal cancer cells. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2019;201:111624.
19. Abbasi BA, Iqbal J, Ahmad R, Zia L, Kanwal S, Mahmood T. Bioactivities of Geranium wallichianum leaf extracts conjugated with zinc oxide nanoparticles. Biomolecules. 2019;10(1):38.
20. Hussain A, Oves M, Alajmi MF, Hussain I, Amir S, Ahmed FJ, et al. Biogenesis of ZnO nanoparticles using Pandanus odorifer leaf extract: anticancer and antimicrobial activities. RSC Adv. 2019;9(27):15357–69.
21. Rahimi Kalateh Shah Mohammad G, Saboury AA, Falahati M, Mahdieh Z, Gharavi S. Cytotoxic properties of zinc oxide nanoparticles and anticancer impacts. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2019;33(7):e22324.
22. Hira I, Ahmad M, Arshad M, Ali A, Abbasi BH. Pectin–guar gum–zinc oxide nanocomposite enhances cytotoxicity towards lung and breast carcinomas. Mater Sci Eng C. 2018;90:494–503.
23. Rajeshkumar S, Malarkodi C, Vanaja M, Annadurai G. Biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Mangifera indica leaves and cytotoxic properties in A549 cells. Enzyme Microb Technol. 2018;117:91–5.
24. Umamaheswari A, Prabu SL, Puratchikody A. Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles and anticancer activity in A549 cells. Biotechnol Rep (Amst). 2021;29:e00595.
25. Malaikozhundan B, Vaseeharan B, Vijayakumar S, Pandiselvi K, Kalanjiam R, Murugan K, et al. Pongamia pinnata-coated zinc oxide nanoparticles against pathogens and breast cancer cells. Microb Pathog. 2017;104:268–77.
26. Prasad KS, Pathak D, Patel A, Dalwadi P, Prasad R, Patel P. Antitumor potential of green synthesized ZnO nanoparticles against breast cancer cells. Separations. 2021;8(1):8.
27. Sadhukhan P, Kundu M, Chatterjee S, Ghosh N, Manna P, Das J, et al. Targeted delivery of quercetin via pH-responsive zinc oxide nanoparticles for breast cancer therapy. Mater Sci Eng C. 2019;100:129–40.
28. Cheng J, Zhang S, Wang L, Wang Z, Wu Y. Green synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles regulate apoptotic expression in MG-63 cells. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2020;202:111644.
29. Ahlam AA, Al-Hazmi F, Al-Ghamdi AA, Alnowaiser F, Alarfaj N, Siddiqui MRH, et al. Zinc oxide nanoparticles induce apoptotic–necrotic death in cancer cells. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2021;199:1778–801.
30. Dulta K, Thakur A, Kaushal J, Chauhan PK. Synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Bergenia ciliata and anticancer potential. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater. 2021;31:180–90.
31. El-Belely EF, Farag MM, Said HA, Amin AS, Azab E, Gobara M, et al. Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles and biomedical activities. Nanomaterials (Basel). 2021;11(1):95.
32. Selim YA, Azb MA, Ragab I, El-Ahmady RM. Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles and cytotoxic activities. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):3445.
33. Li Z, Huang J, Wu Y, Guo Y, Liu M, Xu Y, et al. Zinc oxide nanoparticles induce multiple myeloma cell death via ROS-mediated signaling. Biomed Pharmacother. 2020;122:109712.
34. Wahab R, Khan F, Mishra YK, Musarrat J, Al-Khedhairy AA. Zinc oxide quantum dots induce apoptosis via caspase activation. RSC Adv. 2016;6(31):26111–20.
35. Wang J, Deng X, Zhang F, Chen D, Ding W, Zhang Y, et al. Zinc oxide nanoparticles activate mitophagy in oral cancer cells. Int J Nanomedicine. 2018;13:3441–50.
36. Bi C, Li L, Wang Z, Zhou Y, Wang H, Liu Y. Biofabrication of zinc oxide nanoparticles and cytotoxicity toward gastric cancer cells. Biomed Res. 2017;28:2065–9.
37. Perera W, Hewavitharana AK, Navaratne SB, Wickramasinghe S, Fernando SSN, Rajapakse RPVJ. Curcumin-loaded zinc oxide nanoparticles for enhanced anticancer activity. RSC Adv. 2020;10(51):30785–95.
38. Wahab R, Kim YS, Mishra A, Yun SI, Shin HS. Cytotoxic effect of ZnO nanostructures on brain and cervical cancer cells. JBIC J Biol Inorg Chem. 2011;16:431–42.
39. Bai DP, Zhang XF, Zhang GL, Huang YF, Gurunathan S. Zinc oxide nanoparticles induce apoptosis and autophagy in ovarian cancer cells. Int J Nanomedicine. 2017;12:6521–35.
40. Padmanabhan A, Khan A, Najafabadi AH, Khan N, Khan I, Zubair M, et al. Zinc oxide nanoparticles trigger apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells. Appl Surf Sci. 2019;487:807–18.
41. Wahab R, Khan F, Yang YB, Hwang IH, Shin HS. ZnO nanoparticles induce oxidative stress in melanoma cells. J Biomed Nanotechnol. 2013;9(3):441–9.
42. Wang SW, Lee CH, Lin MS, Chi CW, Chen YC, Wang YJ, et al. ZnO nanoparticles induce apoptosis in gingival carcinoma cells. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(5):1612.
43. Alsagaby SA, Khan M, Mousa RA, Abd-Elkader OH, Al-Otaibi F, Ahmed F, et al. Transcriptomics-based characterization of ZnO nanoparticle toxicity. Int J Nanomedicine. 2020;15:7901–21.
44. AbuMousa RA, Alsagaby SA, Alshahrani MY, Mousa SA, Khan M. Photocatalytic effects of WO₃/ZnO nanocomposite on HeLa cells. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2020;27(7):1743–52.
45. Dillip GR, Reddy TS, Sadanandam G, Reddy NS, Reddy VR. In vitro cytotoxicity of zinc oxide–anchored nanofibers on HeLa cells. Mater Sci Semicond Process. 2017;59:87–92.
46. Sirelkhatim A, Mahmud S, Seeni A, Kaus NHM, Ann LC, Bakhori SKM, et al. Preferential cytotoxicity of ZnO nanoparticles toward cervical cancer cells. J Nanopart Res. 2016;18:1–17.
47. Aghazadeh-Ghomi M, Pourabbas Z. Rapid synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles via precipitation. J Mater Sci Mater Electron. 2021;32(19):24363–8.
48. Mohanasundaram P, Saral MA. Biological applications of green synthesized ZnO nanoparticles from neem flower. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):17727.
49. Gojova A, Guo B, Kota RS, Rutledge JC, Kennedy IM, Barakat AI. Inflammation induced by metal oxide nanoparticles. Environ Health Perspect. 2007;115(3):403–9.
50. Duffin R, Tran L, Brown D, Stone V, Donaldson K. Proinflammogenic effects of metal nanoparticles. Inhal Toxicol. 2007;19(10):849–56.
51. Hanley C, Layne J, Punnoose A, Reddy KM, Coombs I, Coombs A, et al. Influence of ZnO nanoparticle size on immune cell cytotoxicity. Nanoscale Res Lett. 2009;4(12):1409–20.
52. Sayes CM, Reed KL, Warheit DB. Toxicity assessment of fine and nanoparticles. Toxicol Sci. 2007;97(1):163–80.
53. Beyerle A, Irmler M, Beckers J, Kissel T, Stoeger T. Screening strategy to avoid toxicological hazards of nanoparticles. J Phys Conf Ser. 2009;170:012003.
54. Hanley C, Thurber A, Hanna C, Punnoose A, Zhang J, Wingett DG. Size-dependent cytotoxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles. Nanoscale Res Lett. 2009;4:1409–20.
55. Rasmussen JW, Martinez E, Louka P, Wingett DG. Zinc oxide nanoparticles for selective tumor cell destruction. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2010;7(9):1063–77.
56. Tian L, Lin B, Wu L, Li K, Liu H, Yan J, et al. Neurotoxicity induced by zinc oxide nanoparticles. Sci Rep. 2015;5:16117.
57. Batlle E, Massagué J. Transforming growth factor-β signaling in immunity and cancer. Immunity. 2019;50(4):924–40.
58. Pickup M, Novitskiy S, Moses HL. Roles of TGF-β in the tumour microenvironment. Nat Rev Cancer. 2013;13(11):788–99.
59. Guo DD, Li W, Zhang H, Zhang X, Zhang J, Wang Y, et al. ZnO nanoparticles inhibit cell proliferation via TGF-β reduction. Cell Prolif. 2015;48(2):198–208.
60. Roy R, Singh SK, Das M, Tripathi A, Dwivedi PD. Adjuvant effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles. Int Immunol. 2014;26(3):159–72.
61. Folkman J. Tumor angiogenesis: therapeutic implications. N Engl J Med. 1971;285(21):1182–6.
62. Sharma V, Anderson D, Dhawan A. Zinc oxide nanoparticles induce oxidative DNA damage in HepG2 cells. Apoptosis. 2012;17(8):852–70.
63. Wang J, Deng X, Zhang F, Chen D, Ding W, Zhang Y, et al. ZnO nanoparticle-induced apoptosis via JNK signaling. Nanoscale Res Lett. 2014;9(1):117.
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| Issue | Articles in Press | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| Keywords | ||
| Cervical cancer Co-culture technique HeLa cells Nanoparticles Zinc oxide | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Karimi M, Falak R, Fasihi-Ramandi M, Taheri R-A. Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Modulate PBMC Cytokines and Trigger Cytotoxicity, Apoptosis, and Anti-angiogenic Effects in HeLa Cells in Co-culture. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2026;:1-14.
