Emodin-based Regulation and Control of Serum Complement C5a, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammatory Responses in Rats with Urosepsis via AMPK/SIRT1
,
Abstract
Emodin, derived from Rheum officinale and aloe, is known for its diverse benefits such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties. Currently, the impact of emodin on urosepsis is unclear. This study aims to investigate the mechanism of action of emodin in urosepsis.
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were purchased from Cloud-Clone Animal Inc. and treated with emodin. Cell viability and the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level were then assessed. In a separate experiment a urosepsis model was established in Sprague Dawley rats which were subsequently treated with emodin. The levels of oxidative stress-related factors, serum complements and inflammatory factors were measured using commercial kits. Blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine levels were determined using a fully automatic biochemical analyzer. The levels of pro-inflammatory proteins and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) pathway-related proteins were evaluated via Western blot.
PBMCs were unaffected by emodin concentrations below 60 μg/mL, and minimal LDH levels were detected in the cells. Emodin attenuated the effects of Escherichia coli and diminished the production of serum complements, oxidative stress-related proteins, and inflammatory factors in PBMCs. Notably, the effects of emodin were lessened by an AMPK pathway inhibitor. Additionally, emodin alleviated oxidative stress, complement system activation, inflammation, and kidney injury in urosepsis rats through the AMPK/SIRT1 signaling pathway.
Emodin improved kidney damage in urosepsis rats by activating the AMPK/SIRT1 signaling pathway, which reduced oxidative stress, inflammation, and complement system activation.
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2. Rivers E, Nguyen B, Havstad S, Ressler J, Muzzin A, Knoblich B, et al. Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(19):1368-77.
3. Levy MM, Artigas A, Phillips GS, Rhodes A, Beale R, Osborn T, et al. Outcomes of the Surviving Sepsis Campaign in intensive care units in the USA and Europe: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2012;12(12):919-24.
4. Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, Shankar-Hari M, Annane D, Bauer M, et al. The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). Jama. 2016;31(5):801-10.
5. Wagenlehner FM, Weidner W, Naber KG. Pharmacokinetic characteristics of antimicrobials and optimal treatment of urosepsis. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2007;464(54):291-305.
6. Srinivas G, Babykutty S, Sathiadevan PP, Srinivas P. Molecular mechanism of emodin action: transition from laxative ingredient to an antitumor agent. Med Res Rev. 2007. 27(5):591-608.
7. Tu YJ, Tan B, Jiang L, Wu ZH, Yu HJ, Li XQ, et al. Emodin Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation by Activating Autophagy in RAW 264.7 Cells. Chin J Integr Med. 2021;27(5):345-52.
8. Wen Y, Han C, Liu T, Wang R, Cai W, Yang J, et al. Chaiqin chengqi decoction alleviates severity of acute pancreatitis via inhibition of TLR4 and NLRP3 inflammasome: Identification of bioactive ingredients via pharmacological sub-network analysis and experimental validation. Phytomedicine. 2020;7(9):153328.
9. Shuangsuo D, Zhengguo Z, Yunru C, Xin Z, Baofeng W, Lichao Y, et al. Inhibition of the replication of hepatitis B virus in vitro by emodin. Med Sci Monit. 2006;12(9):Br302-6.
10. Chang CH, Lin CC, Yang JJ, Namba T, Hattori M. Anti-inflammatory effects of emodin from ventilago leiocarpa. Am J Chin Med. 2004;242;139-42.
11. Guo R, Li Y, Han M, Liu J, Sun Y. Emodin attenuates acute lung injury in Cecal-ligation and puncture rats. Int Immunopharmacol. 2023;85:506626
12. Li Y, Guo R, Zhang M, Chen P, Li J, Sun Y. Protective effect of emodin on intestinal epithelial tight junction barrier integrity in rats with sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture. Exp Ther Med. 2020;196(18):3521-30.
13. Li R, Liu W, Ou L, Gao F, Li M, Wang L, Wei P, Miao F. Emodin Alleviates Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Inflammation and Oxidative Stress via Mitochondrial Dysfunction by Inhibiting the PI3K/mTOR/GSK3β Pathway in Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y Cells. Biomed Res Int. 2020;1562915.
14. Trefts E, Shaw RJ. AMPK: restoring metabolic homeostasis over space and time. Mol Cell. 2021;81(18):3677-90.
15. Wang J, Li Z, Gao L, Qi Y, Zhu H, Qin X. The regulation effect of AMPK in immune related diseases. Sci China Life Sci. 2018;61(5):523-33.
16. Shi HJ, Xu C, Liu MY, Wang BK, Liu WB, Chen DH, et al. Resveratrol Improves the Energy Sensing and Glycolipid Metabolism of Blunt Snout Bream Megalobrama amblycephala Fed High-Carbohydrate Diets by Activating the AMPK-SIRT1-PGC-1α Network. Front Physiol. 2018;1258.
17. Zhao Q, Tian Z, Zhou G, Niu Q, Chen J, Li P, et al. SIRT1-dependent mitochondrial biogenesis supports therapeutic effects of resveratrol against neurodevelopment damage by fluoride. Theranostics. 2020;10(11):4822-38.
18. Dou YQ, Kong P, Li CL, Sun HX, Li WW, Yu Y, et al. Smooth muscle SIRT1 reprograms endothelial cells to suppress angiogenesis after ischemia. Theranostics. 2020;10(3):1197-212.
19. He F, Li Q, Sheng B, Yang H, Jiang W. SIRT1 Inhibits Apoptosis by Promoting Autophagic Flux in Human Nucleus Pulposus Cells in the Key Stage of Degeneration via ERK Signal Pathway. Biomed Res Int. 2021:8818713.
20. Xu C, Wang L, Fozouni P, Evjen G, Chandra V, Jiang J, et al. SIRT1 is downregulated by autophagy in senescence and ageing. Nat Cell Biol. 2020;22(10):1170-9.
21. Rada P, Pardo V, Mobasher MA, García-Martínez I, Ruiz L, González-Rodríguez Á, et al SIRT1 Controls Acetaminophen Hepatotoxicity by Modulating Inflammation and Oxidative Stress. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2018;28(13):1187-208.
22. Liang D, Zhuo Y, Guo Z, He L, Wang X, He Y, et al. SIRT1/PGC-1 pathway activation triggers autophagy/mitophagy and attenuates oxidative damage in intestinal epithelial cells. Biochimie. 2020;170(4):10-20.
23. Xu C, Song Y, Wang Z, Jiang J, Piao Y, Li L, et al. Pterostilbene suppresses oxidative stress and allergic airway inflammation through AMPK/Sirt1 and Nrf2/HO-1 pathways. Immun Inflamm Dis. 94, 1406-1417 (2021).
24. Cao Y, Bai C, Si P, Yan X, Zhang P, Yisha Z, et al. A novel model of urosepsis in rats developed by injection of Escherichia coli into the renal pelvis. Front Immunol. 2022;13(4):1074488.
25. Wagenlehner FM, Lichtenstern C, Rolfes C, Mayer K, Uhle F, Weidner W, et al. Diagnosis and management for urosepsis. Int J Urol. 2013;20(10):963-70.
26. Bozkurt M, Yumru A E, Salman S, Assessment of perioperative, early, and late postoperative complications of the inside-out transobturator tape procedure in the treatment of stress urinary incontinence. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 2015;42(1):82-9.
27. Chen D, Jiang C, Liang X, Zhong F, Huang J, Lin Y, et al. Early and rapid prediction of postoperative infections following percutaneous nephrolithotomy in patients with complex kidney stones. BJU Int. 2019;123(6):1041-7.
28. Xu G, He Y, Zhao H, Jiang X, Feng G, Yang W, et al. Mini-nephroscope combined with pressure suction: an effective tool in MPCNL for intrarenal stones in patients with urinary tract infections. Urolithiasis. 2016;44(5):445-50.
29. Dreger NM, Degener S, Ahmad-Nejad P, Wöbker G, Roth S. Urosepsis--Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2015;112(49):837-47.
30. Webber RJ, Sweet RM, Webber DS. Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase in Circulating Microvesicles: Discovery, Evolution, and Evidence as a Novel Biomarker and the Probable Causative Agent for Sepsis. J Appl Lab Med. 2019;3(4):698-711.
31. Joseph LC, Kokkinaki D, Valenti MC, Kim GJ, Barca E, Tomar D, et al. Inhibition of NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) prevents sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy by improving calcium handling and mitochondrial function. JCI Insight. 2017;2(17):9428.
32. Lyons J, Rauh-Pfeiffer A, Ming-Yu Y, et al. Cysteine metabolism and whole blood glutathione synthesis in septic pediatric patients. Crit Care Med. 2001;294, 870-7.
33. Forman H J, Zhang H. Targeting oxidative stress in disease: promise and limitations of antioxidant therapy. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2021;20(9):689-709.
34. Ayala A, Muñoz MF, Argüelles S. Lipid peroxidation: production, metabolism, and signaling mechanisms of malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2014:360438.
35. Toto A, Wild P, Graille M, Turcu V, Crézé C, Hemmendinger M, et al. Urinary Malondialdehyde (MDA) Concentrations in the General Population-A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis. Toxics. 2022;10(4):160.
36. Handy DE, Loscalzo J. The role of glutathione peroxidase-1 in health and disease. Free Radic Biol Med. 2022;188:146-61.
37. Fattahi F, Ward PA. Understanding Immunosuppression after Sepsis. Immunity. 2017;47(1)3-5.
38. Koivikko P, Arola O, Inkinen O, Tallgren M. One-Year Survival after Inhospital Cardiac Arrest-Does Prearrest Sepsis Matter? Shock. 50(1):38-43.
39. Libert C, Ayala A, Bauer M, Cavaillon JM, Deutschman C, Frostell C, et al. Part II: Minimum Quality Threshold in Preclinical Sepsis Studies (MQTiPSS) for Types of Infections and Organ Dysfunction Endpoints. Shock. 51(1):23-32.
40. Wang L, Gu J, Zong M, Zhang Q, Li H, Li D, et al. Anti-inflammatory action of physalin A by blocking the activation of NF-κB signaling pathway. J Ethnopharmacol. 2021;26(7):1134-90.
41. Han JM, Lee EK, Gong SY, Sohng JK, Kang YJ, Jung HJ. Sparassis crispa exerts anti-inflammatory activity via suppression of TLR-mediated NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophage cells. J Ethnopharmacol. 2019;231: 10-18.
42. Liao W, He X, Yi Z, Xiang W, Ding Y. Chelidonine suppresses LPS-Induced production of inflammatory mediators through the inhibitory of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway in RAW264.7 macrophages. Biomed Pharmacother. 2018;107:1151-9.
43. Linghu KG, Ma QS, Zhao GD, Xiong W, Lin L, Zhang QW, et al. Leocarpinolide B attenuates LPS-induced inflammation on RAW264.7 macrophages by mediating NF-κB and Nrf2 pathways. Eur J Pharmacol. 2020;868:172854.
44. Liu S, Yang T, Ming TW, Gaun TKW, Zhou T, Wang S, et al. Isosteroid alkaloids with different chemical structures from Fritillariae cirrhosae bulbus alleviate LPS-induced inflammatory response in RAW 264.7 cells by MAPK signaling pathway. Int Immunopharmacol. 2020;84:106047.
45. Lee HH, Jang E, Kang SY, Shin JS, Han HS, Kim TW, et al. Anti-inflammatory potential of Patrineolignan B isolated from Patrinia scabra in LPS-stimulated macrophages via inhibition of NF-κB, AP-1, and JAK/STAT pathways. Int Immunopharmacol. 2020;86:106726.
46. Cantó C, Gerhart-Hines Z, Feige JN, Lagouge M, Noriega L, Milne JC, et al. AMPK regulates energy expenditure by modulating NAD+ metabolism and SIRT1 activity. Nature. 2009;458(7241):1056-60.
47. Bei Y, Tia B, Li Y, Guo Y, Deng S, Huang R, et al. Anti-influenza A Virus Effects and Mechanisms of Emodin and Its Analogs via Regulating PPARα/γ-AMPK-SIRT1 Pathway and Fatty Acid Metabolism. Biomed Res Int. 2021;9066938.
48. Cheng S, Feng C, Wingen LU, Cheng H, Riche AB, Jiang M, et al. Amarogentin has protective effects against sepsis-induced brain injury via modulating the AMPK/SIRT1/NF-κB pathway. Brain Res Bull. 2022;189:44-56.
2. Rivers E, Nguyen B, Havstad S, Ressler J, Muzzin A, Knoblich B, et al. Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(19):1368-77.
3. Levy MM, Artigas A, Phillips GS, Rhodes A, Beale R, Osborn T, et al. Outcomes of the Surviving Sepsis Campaign in intensive care units in the USA and Europe: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2012;12(12):919-24.
4. Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, Shankar-Hari M, Annane D, Bauer M, et al. The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). Jama. 2016;31(5):801-10.
5. Wagenlehner FM, Weidner W, Naber KG. Pharmacokinetic characteristics of antimicrobials and optimal treatment of urosepsis. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2007;464(54):291-305.
6. Srinivas G, Babykutty S, Sathiadevan PP, Srinivas P. Molecular mechanism of emodin action: transition from laxative ingredient to an antitumor agent. Med Res Rev. 2007. 27(5):591-608.
7. Tu YJ, Tan B, Jiang L, Wu ZH, Yu HJ, Li XQ, et al. Emodin Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation by Activating Autophagy in RAW 264.7 Cells. Chin J Integr Med. 2021;27(5):345-52.
8. Wen Y, Han C, Liu T, Wang R, Cai W, Yang J, et al. Chaiqin chengqi decoction alleviates severity of acute pancreatitis via inhibition of TLR4 and NLRP3 inflammasome: Identification of bioactive ingredients via pharmacological sub-network analysis and experimental validation. Phytomedicine. 2020;7(9):153328.
9. Shuangsuo D, Zhengguo Z, Yunru C, Xin Z, Baofeng W, Lichao Y, et al. Inhibition of the replication of hepatitis B virus in vitro by emodin. Med Sci Monit. 2006;12(9):Br302-6.
10. Chang CH, Lin CC, Yang JJ, Namba T, Hattori M. Anti-inflammatory effects of emodin from ventilago leiocarpa. Am J Chin Med. 2004;242;139-42.
11. Guo R, Li Y, Han M, Liu J, Sun Y. Emodin attenuates acute lung injury in Cecal-ligation and puncture rats. Int Immunopharmacol. 2023;85:506626
12. Li Y, Guo R, Zhang M, Chen P, Li J, Sun Y. Protective effect of emodin on intestinal epithelial tight junction barrier integrity in rats with sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture. Exp Ther Med. 2020;196(18):3521-30.
13. Li R, Liu W, Ou L, Gao F, Li M, Wang L, Wei P, Miao F. Emodin Alleviates Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Inflammation and Oxidative Stress via Mitochondrial Dysfunction by Inhibiting the PI3K/mTOR/GSK3β Pathway in Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y Cells. Biomed Res Int. 2020;1562915.
14. Trefts E, Shaw RJ. AMPK: restoring metabolic homeostasis over space and time. Mol Cell. 2021;81(18):3677-90.
15. Wang J, Li Z, Gao L, Qi Y, Zhu H, Qin X. The regulation effect of AMPK in immune related diseases. Sci China Life Sci. 2018;61(5):523-33.
16. Shi HJ, Xu C, Liu MY, Wang BK, Liu WB, Chen DH, et al. Resveratrol Improves the Energy Sensing and Glycolipid Metabolism of Blunt Snout Bream Megalobrama amblycephala Fed High-Carbohydrate Diets by Activating the AMPK-SIRT1-PGC-1α Network. Front Physiol. 2018;1258.
17. Zhao Q, Tian Z, Zhou G, Niu Q, Chen J, Li P, et al. SIRT1-dependent mitochondrial biogenesis supports therapeutic effects of resveratrol against neurodevelopment damage by fluoride. Theranostics. 2020;10(11):4822-38.
18. Dou YQ, Kong P, Li CL, Sun HX, Li WW, Yu Y, et al. Smooth muscle SIRT1 reprograms endothelial cells to suppress angiogenesis after ischemia. Theranostics. 2020;10(3):1197-212.
19. He F, Li Q, Sheng B, Yang H, Jiang W. SIRT1 Inhibits Apoptosis by Promoting Autophagic Flux in Human Nucleus Pulposus Cells in the Key Stage of Degeneration via ERK Signal Pathway. Biomed Res Int. 2021:8818713.
20. Xu C, Wang L, Fozouni P, Evjen G, Chandra V, Jiang J, et al. SIRT1 is downregulated by autophagy in senescence and ageing. Nat Cell Biol. 2020;22(10):1170-9.
21. Rada P, Pardo V, Mobasher MA, García-Martínez I, Ruiz L, González-Rodríguez Á, et al SIRT1 Controls Acetaminophen Hepatotoxicity by Modulating Inflammation and Oxidative Stress. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2018;28(13):1187-208.
22. Liang D, Zhuo Y, Guo Z, He L, Wang X, He Y, et al. SIRT1/PGC-1 pathway activation triggers autophagy/mitophagy and attenuates oxidative damage in intestinal epithelial cells. Biochimie. 2020;170(4):10-20.
23. Xu C, Song Y, Wang Z, Jiang J, Piao Y, Li L, et al. Pterostilbene suppresses oxidative stress and allergic airway inflammation through AMPK/Sirt1 and Nrf2/HO-1 pathways. Immun Inflamm Dis. 94, 1406-1417 (2021).
24. Cao Y, Bai C, Si P, Yan X, Zhang P, Yisha Z, et al. A novel model of urosepsis in rats developed by injection of Escherichia coli into the renal pelvis. Front Immunol. 2022;13(4):1074488.
25. Wagenlehner FM, Lichtenstern C, Rolfes C, Mayer K, Uhle F, Weidner W, et al. Diagnosis and management for urosepsis. Int J Urol. 2013;20(10):963-70.
26. Bozkurt M, Yumru A E, Salman S, Assessment of perioperative, early, and late postoperative complications of the inside-out transobturator tape procedure in the treatment of stress urinary incontinence. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 2015;42(1):82-9.
27. Chen D, Jiang C, Liang X, Zhong F, Huang J, Lin Y, et al. Early and rapid prediction of postoperative infections following percutaneous nephrolithotomy in patients with complex kidney stones. BJU Int. 2019;123(6):1041-7.
28. Xu G, He Y, Zhao H, Jiang X, Feng G, Yang W, et al. Mini-nephroscope combined with pressure suction: an effective tool in MPCNL for intrarenal stones in patients with urinary tract infections. Urolithiasis. 2016;44(5):445-50.
29. Dreger NM, Degener S, Ahmad-Nejad P, Wöbker G, Roth S. Urosepsis--Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2015;112(49):837-47.
30. Webber RJ, Sweet RM, Webber DS. Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase in Circulating Microvesicles: Discovery, Evolution, and Evidence as a Novel Biomarker and the Probable Causative Agent for Sepsis. J Appl Lab Med. 2019;3(4):698-711.
31. Joseph LC, Kokkinaki D, Valenti MC, Kim GJ, Barca E, Tomar D, et al. Inhibition of NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) prevents sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy by improving calcium handling and mitochondrial function. JCI Insight. 2017;2(17):9428.
32. Lyons J, Rauh-Pfeiffer A, Ming-Yu Y, et al. Cysteine metabolism and whole blood glutathione synthesis in septic pediatric patients. Crit Care Med. 2001;294, 870-7.
33. Forman H J, Zhang H. Targeting oxidative stress in disease: promise and limitations of antioxidant therapy. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2021;20(9):689-709.
34. Ayala A, Muñoz MF, Argüelles S. Lipid peroxidation: production, metabolism, and signaling mechanisms of malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2014:360438.
35. Toto A, Wild P, Graille M, Turcu V, Crézé C, Hemmendinger M, et al. Urinary Malondialdehyde (MDA) Concentrations in the General Population-A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis. Toxics. 2022;10(4):160.
36. Handy DE, Loscalzo J. The role of glutathione peroxidase-1 in health and disease. Free Radic Biol Med. 2022;188:146-61.
37. Fattahi F, Ward PA. Understanding Immunosuppression after Sepsis. Immunity. 2017;47(1)3-5.
38. Koivikko P, Arola O, Inkinen O, Tallgren M. One-Year Survival after Inhospital Cardiac Arrest-Does Prearrest Sepsis Matter? Shock. 50(1):38-43.
39. Libert C, Ayala A, Bauer M, Cavaillon JM, Deutschman C, Frostell C, et al. Part II: Minimum Quality Threshold in Preclinical Sepsis Studies (MQTiPSS) for Types of Infections and Organ Dysfunction Endpoints. Shock. 51(1):23-32.
40. Wang L, Gu J, Zong M, Zhang Q, Li H, Li D, et al. Anti-inflammatory action of physalin A by blocking the activation of NF-κB signaling pathway. J Ethnopharmacol. 2021;26(7):1134-90.
41. Han JM, Lee EK, Gong SY, Sohng JK, Kang YJ, Jung HJ. Sparassis crispa exerts anti-inflammatory activity via suppression of TLR-mediated NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophage cells. J Ethnopharmacol. 2019;231: 10-18.
42. Liao W, He X, Yi Z, Xiang W, Ding Y. Chelidonine suppresses LPS-Induced production of inflammatory mediators through the inhibitory of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway in RAW264.7 macrophages. Biomed Pharmacother. 2018;107:1151-9.
43. Linghu KG, Ma QS, Zhao GD, Xiong W, Lin L, Zhang QW, et al. Leocarpinolide B attenuates LPS-induced inflammation on RAW264.7 macrophages by mediating NF-κB and Nrf2 pathways. Eur J Pharmacol. 2020;868:172854.
44. Liu S, Yang T, Ming TW, Gaun TKW, Zhou T, Wang S, et al. Isosteroid alkaloids with different chemical structures from Fritillariae cirrhosae bulbus alleviate LPS-induced inflammatory response in RAW 264.7 cells by MAPK signaling pathway. Int Immunopharmacol. 2020;84:106047.
45. Lee HH, Jang E, Kang SY, Shin JS, Han HS, Kim TW, et al. Anti-inflammatory potential of Patrineolignan B isolated from Patrinia scabra in LPS-stimulated macrophages via inhibition of NF-κB, AP-1, and JAK/STAT pathways. Int Immunopharmacol. 2020;86:106726.
46. Cantó C, Gerhart-Hines Z, Feige JN, Lagouge M, Noriega L, Milne JC, et al. AMPK regulates energy expenditure by modulating NAD+ metabolism and SIRT1 activity. Nature. 2009;458(7241):1056-60.
47. Bei Y, Tia B, Li Y, Guo Y, Deng S, Huang R, et al. Anti-influenza A Virus Effects and Mechanisms of Emodin and Its Analogs via Regulating PPARα/γ-AMPK-SIRT1 Pathway and Fatty Acid Metabolism. Biomed Res Int. 2021;9066938.
48. Cheng S, Feng C, Wingen LU, Cheng H, Riche AB, Jiang M, et al. Amarogentin has protective effects against sepsis-induced brain injury via modulating the AMPK/SIRT1/NF-κB pathway. Brain Res Bull. 2022;189:44-56.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 23 No 5 (2024) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijaai.v23i5.16750 | |
| Keywords | ||
| AMP-activated protein kinase/Sirtuin 1 pathway Emodin Inflammatory responses Oxidative stress Urosepsis | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Cui J, Wang S, Bi S, Zhou H, Sun L. Emodin-based Regulation and Control of Serum Complement C5a, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammatory Responses in Rats with Urosepsis via AMPK/SIRT1. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2024;23(5):550-562.
