Mechanisms of COVID-19 Entry into the Cell: Potential Therapeutic Approaches Based on Virus Entry Inhibition in COVID-19 Patients with Underlying Diseases
Therapeutic Approaches Based on SARS-COV-2 Entry Inhibition
-
Hadis Musavi
,
Omid Abazari
,
Mohamad Sadegh Safaee
,
Atena Variji
,
Bahare Koohshekan
,
Fatemeh Kalaki-Jouybari
,
Zeinab Barartabar
,
Pejman Hakemi
,
Soleiman Mahjoub
Abstract
The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) virus spread from Wuhan, China, in 2019 and is spreading rapidly around the world. COVID-19 victims are almost associated with cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, and other underlying diseases. Concerning the high prevalence of these disorders, widespread mortality threatens global society, and its fatality rate may increase with increasing COVID-19 prevalence in countries with older populations. Therefore, evaluating patients' clinical status with severe COVID-19 infection and their medical history can help manage treatment. Currently, one of the considered treatments is angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) inhibition. This study investigated virus entry mechanisms through membrane receptors, their role in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and underlying diseases, and treatment methods based on the viral entrance inhibition. According to existing studies, inhibition of ACE2 can increase oxidative stress, inflammation, fibrosis and ultimately exacerbate underlying diseases such as cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, diabetes, and hypertension in individuals with COVID-19. The ACE2 inhibition is not suitable for patients with COVID-19 with underlying diseases, but it seems that the recombinant ACE2 solution is more appropriate for inhibiting the virus in these patients if hypotension would be monitored.
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8. Abazari O, Shafaei Z, Divsalar A, Eslami-Moghadam M, Ghalandari B, Saboury AA. Probing the biological evaluations of a new designed Pt (II) complex using spectroscopic and theoretical approaches: Human hemoglobin as a target. J Biomol Struct Dyn. 2016;34(5):1123-31.
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11. Allam L, Ghrifi F, Mohammed H, El Hafidi N, El Jaoudi R, El Harti J, et al. Targeting the GRP78-Dependant SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry by Peptides and Small Molecules. Bioinform Biol Insights. 2020;14:1177932220965505.
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14. Ulrich H, Pillat MM. CD147 as a target for COVID-19 treatment: suggested effects of azithromycin and stem cell engagement. Stem Cell Rev Rep. 2020:1-7.
15. Kaul D. An Overview of Coronaviruses including the SARS-2 Coronavirus–Molecular Biology, Epidemiology and Clinical Implications. Curr Med Res Pract. 2020.
16. Sorbera L, Graul A, Dulsat C. Taking aim at a fast-moving target: targets to watch for SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. Drugs Future. 2020;45(4).
17. Chen Z, Mi L, Xu J, Yu J, Wang X, Jiang J, et al. Function of HAb18G/CD147 in invasion of host cells by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. J Infect Dis. 2005;191(5):755-60.
18. Abazari O, Divsalar A, Ghobadi R. Inhibitory effects of oxali-Platin as a chemotherapeutic drug on the function and structure of bovine liver catalase. J Biomol Struct Dyn. 2020;38(2):609-15.
19. Nigro P, Pompilio G, Capogrossi M. Cyclophilin A: a key player for human disease. Cell Death Dis. 2013;4(10):e888-e.
20. Su H, Yang Y. The roles of CyPA and CD147 in cardiac remodelling. Exp Mol Pathol. 2018;104(3):222-6.
21. Grass GD, Toole BP. How, with whom and when: an overview of CD147-mediated regulatory networks influencing matrix metalloproteinase activity. Biosci Rep. 2016;36(1).
22. Hahn JN, Kaushik DK, Yong VW. The role of EMMPRIN in T cell biology and immunological diseases. J Leukoc Biol. 2015;98(1):33-48.
23. Kosugi T, Maeda K, Sato W, Maruyama S, Kadomatsu K. CD147 (EMMPRIN/Basigin) in kidney diseases: from an inflammation and immune system viewpoint.Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2015;30(7):1097-103.
24. Jin R, Xiao AY, Chen R, Granger DN, Li G. Inhibition of CD147 (cluster of differentiation 147) ameliorates acute ischemic stroke in mice by reducing thromboinflammation. Stroke. 2017;48(12):3356-65.
25. Tanaka Y, Sato Y, Sasaki T. Suppression of coronavirus replication by cyclophilin inhibitors. Viruses. 2013;5(5):1250-60.
26. Chiu P-F, Su S-L, Tsai C-C, Wu C-L, Kuo C-L, Kor C-T, et al. Cyclophilin A and CD147 associate with progression of diabetic nephropathy. Free Radic Res. 2018;52(11-12):1456-63.
27. Musavi H, Abazari O, Barartabar Z, Kalaki-Jouybari F, Hemmati-Dinarvand M, Esmaeili P, et al. The benefits of Vitamin D in the COVID-19 pandemic: biochemical and immunological mechanisms. Arch Physiol Biochem. 2020:1-9.
28. Brojakowska A, Narula J, Shimony R, Bander J. Clinical Implications of SARS-Cov2 Interaction with Renin Angiotensin System. JACC. 2020.
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| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 20 No 1 (2021) | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijaai.v20i1.5409 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 COVID-19 SARS-COV-2 Therapeutics | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Musavi H, Abazari O, Safaee M S, Variji A, Koohshekan B, Kalaki-Jouybari F, Barartabar Z, Hakemi P, Mahjoub S. Mechanisms of COVID-19 Entry into the Cell: Potential Therapeutic Approaches Based on Virus Entry Inhibition in COVID-19 Patients with Underlying Diseases. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2021;20(1):11-23.
