Characterization of Bioaerosols and Particulate Matter (PM) in Residential Settings of Asthmatic Patients of Lahore, Pakistan
Air Microflora and Particulate Matter in Asthmatic Houses
Abstract
Airborne bioaerosols and particulate matter (PM) have been associated with asthma occurrence. Due to the adverse indoor environment and the absence of any baseline data for asthmatic patients of Pakistan, this study was aimed to establish a correlation between microflora and PM of residential microenvironments of asthmatic patients.
This pilot study was conducted in different residential settings of asthmatic patients registered in the Jinnah hospital, Lahore. The characterization of PM (PM01, PM2.5, PM10) and bioaerosols were carried out in the houses of fifty patients that were categorized into four groups; A-large (418.06 m2), B-medium (211 m2), C-medium (104 m2), and D-small (62.71 m2) houses. The PM concentrations were monitored; using the DustTrack8533 aerosol monitor and the bioaerosols were characterized up to the Genus; using the culture-based method and biochemical testing. The bioaerosols were sampled; using the expose plate method and were analyzed using morphological features and biochemical tests.
Eleven types of fungi and seven bacterial types were found in the air samples. The tendency of asthma occurrence is linked with higher Alternaria spp and Aspergillus spp. The mean indoor readings of PM01, PM2.5, PM10 were highest in D-category (331.75, 342.5, and 502.33 respectively). Moreover, the highest bacterial 9618 CFU/m3) and fungal levels (3092 CFU/m3) were also seen in D-category. According to two-way ANOVA, bacterial concentration was significantly different among the four groups while fungi concentration was non-significant (p<0.05). Pearson correlation showed a significant positive correlation among bioaerosol counts, relative humidity, and temperature. Moreover, a positive significant correlation was also observed among PM, bioaerosols, and temperature (p<0.01).
The multiple regression analysis confirms temperature as a significant predictor of bioaerosols and bacterial and fungal concentrations were observed to be a significant predictor for PM. Hence monitoring the PM levels could help in maintaining the indoor microenvironment for sensitive asthmatic patients.
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3. Hospodsky D, Qian J, Nazaroff WW, Yamamoto N, Bibby K, Rismani-Yazdi H, Peccia J. Human occupancy as a source of indoor airborne bacteria. PloS one. 2012;7(4):e34867.
4. Molhave L. Sick building syndrome. In Encyclopedia environ Health. 2011; (pp.61-67). Elsevier Limited. ISBN: 0444522735.
5. Zeliger H.I. Toxic effects of chemical mixtures. Arch Environ Health: An Int J. 2003;58(1):23-9.
6. Colbeck I, Nasir ZA. Ali Z. Characteristics of indoor/outdoor particulate pollution in urban and rural residential environment of Pakistan. Indoor Air. 2010;20(4):40-51.
7. Kalogerakis N, Paschali D, Lekaditis V, Pantidou A, Eleftheriadis K. Lazaridis M. Indoor air quality Bioaerosol measurements in domestic and office premises. J Aerosol Sci. 2005;36(96):751-61.
8. Duquenne P, Marchand G. Duchaine C. Measurement of endotoxins in bioaerosols at workplace: A critical review of literature and a standardization Issue. Ann OccupHyg. 2013;57(98):137-172.
9. Simoni M, Annesi-Maesano I, Viegi G. Indoor environment. In:Gibson GJ, Loddenkemper R, Sibille Y, Lundback B, editors.Eur Lung White Book Respiratory Health Dis Eur. 2013;112-23.
10. Hsu NY, Chen PY, Chang HW, Su HJ. Changes in profiles of airborne fungi in flooded homes in southern Taiwan after Typhoon Morakot. Sci Total Environ. 2011;409(9):1677-82.
11. Knutsen AP, Bush RK, Demain JG, Denning DW, Dixit A, Fairs A, et al. Fungi and allergic lower respiratory tract diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012;129(114):280-91.
12. Simoni M, Baldacci S, Maio S, Cerrai S, Sarno G, Viegi G. Adverse effects of outdoor pollution in the elderly. J Thorac Dis. 2015 Jan;7(1):34-45. doi: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2014.12.10.PMID: 25694816; PMCID: PMC4311079
13. Armadans-Gil, L, Rodriguez-Garrido V, Campins-Marti M, Gil-Cuesta J, Vaque-Rafart J. Particle counting and microbiological air sampling: Results of the simultaneous use of both procedures in different types of hospital rooms. Enferm Infect Microbiol Clin. 2013;31(12):217-21.
14. Hulin M, Simoni M, Viegi G, Annesi-Maesano I. Respiratoryhealth and indoor air pollutants based on quantitativeexposure assessments. Eur Respir J. 2012;40(52):1033-45.
15. Brown GD, Denning DW, Gow NA, Levitz SM, Netea MG, White TC. Hidden killers: human fungal infections. Sci Transl Med. 2012;4(165)165rv13.
16. To T, Stanojevic S, Moores G, Gershon AS, Bateman ED, Cruz AA, et al. Global asthma prevalence in adults: findings from the cross-sectional world health survey. BMC Public Health. 2012;12:204.
17. Bateman ED. Global Initative For Asthma (GINA) Reports. Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention (2015 update).DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00853-2015.
18. Alahmr FO, Othman M, Wahid NBA, Halim AA, Latif MT. Composition of dust fall around semi-urban areas of Malaysia. Aerosol Air Qual Res. 2012;12(45):629-42.
19. Co HX, Dung NT, Oanh NTK, Hang NT, Phuc NH, Le HA. Levels and Composition of ambient particulate matter at a mountainous rural site in Northern Vietnam. Aerosol Air Qual Res. 2014;14(412):1917-1928.
20. Onabowale MK, Owoade OK. Assessment residential indoor outdoor airborne particulate matter in Ibadan, Southwestern Nigeria. Dan J Phys. Sci. 2015;1(1):001 - 007.
21. Ezeh GC, Obioh IB, Asubiojo OI, Chiari M, Nava S, Calzolai G, et al. Elemental Compositions of PM10-2.5 and PM2.5 aerosols of a Nigerian Urban City using ion beam analytical techniques. Nucl Inst Methods Phy Res. 2014;334:28-33.
22. Moses EA, Orok UB. Contamination and health risk assessment of suspended particulate matter (SPM) in Uyo, Niger Delta, Nigeria. J Sci Res P Rep. 2015;6(4):276-86.
23. D'Amato G, Cecchi L, D-Amato M, Liccardi G. Urban airpollution and climate change as environmental risk factors ofrespiratory allergy: an update. J InvestigAllergol ClinImmunol. 2010;20(69):95-102.
24. Kunzli N, Perez L, Rapp R. Pollutants, sources and levels. Air Qual Health.Lausanne (Switzerland): Eur Respir Soc. 2010;9-22.
25. Penard-Morand C, Raherison C, Charpin D, Kopferschmitt C,Lavaud F, Caillaud D, et al. Long-term exposure to closeproximity air pollution and asthma and allergies in urbanchildren. Eur Respir J. 2010;36(12):33-40.
26. Kumar S, Verma MK, Srivastava AK. Ultrafine particles inurban ambient air and their health perspectives. Rev Envi¬ron Health. 2013;28(42):117-28.
27. Pegas PN, Evtyugina MG, Alves CA, Nunes T, Cerqueira M, Franchi M, et al. Outdoor/indoor air quality in primary schools in Lisbon: a preliminary study. Quimica nova. 2010;33(5):1145-9.
28. Siddiqui S, Mehfooz B. Influence of housing quality on public health in Lahore, Pakistan. Proc. Pak Academy Sci: Life Environ Sci. 2017;54(3):237-57.
29. Sidra S, Ali Z, Sultan S, Ahmed S, Colbeck I, Nasir ZA. Assessment of airborne micro flora in the indoor micro-environments of residential houses of Lahore, Pakistan. Aerosol Air Quality Res. 2015;15(6):2385-2396.
30. Balyan P, Ghosh C, Das S, Banerjee BD. Comparison of Efficiency of Active and Passive Methods of Bioaerosols’ Estimation. Indoor Environmental Quality 2020 (pp. 85-94). Springer, Singapore.DOI https//doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1334-3_10.
31. Cappuccino JG. Sherman N. Microbiology: A laboratory manual. 7th Edition. Pearson Education Inc. 2005;528.
32. Bogomolova E, Kirtsideli I. Airborne fungi in four stations of the St. Petersburg Underground railway system. Int BiodeterBiodegr. 2009;63(12):156–60.
33. Dugan FM. The identification of Fungi: An illustrated introduction with keys, glossary and guide to literature. AM Phytopathological Soc Press. 2005.
34. Lander F, Meyer HW, Norn S. Serum IgE specific to indoor moulds, measured by basophil histamine release, is associated with building-related symptoms in damp buildings. Inflammation Res. 2001;50:227–231.
35. Durrani Z, Naeem M, Khan MA. Assessment of bacterial infection in patients operated for complications of chronic fungal rhinosinusitis. Pak J Med Sci. 2018;2(1):153-6.
36. Hargreaves M, Parappukkaran S, Morawska L, Hitchins J, He C, Gilbert D. A pilot investigation into associations between indoor airborne fungal and non-biological particle concentrations in residential houses in Brisbane. Aust Sci Total Environ. 2003;312(74):89-101.
37. Chao CY, Cheng EC. Source apportionment of indoor PM2.5 and PM10 in homes. Indoor Built Environ. 2002;11(2):27-37.
38. Nasir ZA, Colbeck I, Sultan S, Ahmed S. Bioaerosols in residential micro-environments in low income countries: A case study from Pakistan. Environ Pollut. 2012;168(142):15-22.
39. Nafees AA, Taj T, Kadir MM. Fatmi Z. Lee K. Sathiakumar N. Indoor air pollution (PM2.5) due to secondhand smoke in selected hospitality and entertainment venues of Karachi, Pakistan. Tob Control. 2012;21(11):460-464.
40. Van Ryswyk K, Wheeler AJ, Wallace L, Kearney J, You H, Kulka R, Xu X. Impact of microenvironments and personal activities on personal PM2.5 exposures among asthmatic children. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2014;24(3):260-8.
41. Ferro AR, Kopperud RJ, Hildemann LM. Elevated personal exposure to particulate matter from human activities in a residence. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2004;14:S34-S40.
42. Chunram N, Vinitketkumnuen U, Deming RL, Chantara S. Indoor and Outdoor Levels of PM2.5 from Selected Residential and Workplace Buildings in Chiang Mai. Chiang Mai J Sci. 2007;34:219-26.
43. Massey D, Kulshrestha A, Masih J. Taneja A. Seasonal trends of PM10, PM5.0, PM2.5 & PM1.0 in indoor and outdoor environments of residential homes located in North-Central India. Build Environ. 2012;47: 223-231.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.07.018
44. Allard F, 2002. Natural Ventilation in Buildings-A Design Handbook. James and James (Science Publishers) Ltd., London, 2002: NW1 3ER, UKISBN 1 873936 72 9; TRN: gb9825415.
45. Mandal J, Brandl H. Bioaerosols in indoor environment - A review with special reference to residential and occupational locations. Open Environ Biol Monit J.2011;4:83-96.DOI: 10.2174/1875040001104010083
46. Mentese S, Rad AY, Arisoy M. Gullu G. Seasonal and spatial variations of bioaerosols in indoor urban environments, Ankara, Turkey. Indoor Built Environ.2012;21:797-810. https://doi.org/10. 1177%2F1420326X11425965
47. Zhu H, Phelan P, Duan T, Raupp G, Fernando HS. Che F. Experimental study of indoor and outdoor airborne bacterial concentrations in Tempe, Arizona, USA. Aerobiolo. 2003; 19:201-211. https:// doi.org/ 10.1023/B:AERO.0000006571.23160.8a.
48. Lee T, Grinshpun SA, Martuzevicius D, Adhikari A, Crawford CM, Reponen T. Culturability and concentration of indoor and outdoor airborne fungi in six single-family homes. Atmos Environ.2006;40:2902-2910.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.01.011
49. Mushtaq S, Haider MS, Mukhtar I, Khokhar I. Species of deuteromycetes (fungi imperfect) present at residential housesin railway colony Lahore, Pakistan. Pak J Phytopathol. 2011;23(2):118-124.
50. Bernasconi C, Rodolfi M, Picco AM, Grisoli P, Dacarro C, Rembges D. Pyrogenic activity of air to characterize bioaerosol exposure in public buildings: A pilot study. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2010; 50:571-577 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765X.2010.02831.x. PMID: 20337928.
51. Hedayati MT, Mayahi S, Aghili R, Goharimoghadam K. Airborne fungi in indoor and outdoor of asthmatic patients’ home, living in the city of Sari. Iranian J Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2005:189-91.PMID: 17301445.
52. Chen YP, Cui Y. Dong JG. Variation of airborne bacteria and fungi at Emperor Qin's Terra-Cotta Museum, Xi'an, China, during the “Oct. 1” gold week period of 2006. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int.2010;17:478¬485.PMID: 19479295; DOI: 10.1007/s11356-009-0161-1.
53. Sen B, Asan A. Fungal flora in indoor and outdoor air of different residential houses in Tekirdag City (Turkey): seasonal distribution and relationship with climatic factors. Environ Monitor Assess. 2009;151(1-4):209-219. PMID; 18509736: DOI; 10.1007/s10661-008-0262-1.
54. Bonetta S, Mosso S, Sampo S. Carraro, E. Assessment of microbiological indoor air quality in an Italian office building equipped with an HVAC system. Environ Monit Assess.2010;161:473-483.PMID: 19224384: DOI: 10.1007/s10661-009-0761-8
55. Haas D, Habib J, Galler H, Buzina W, Schlacher R, Marth E, et al. Assessment of indoor air in Austrian apartments with and without visible mold growth. Atmospheric Environ. 2007;41(25):5192–5201.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.07.062
56. Zubairi ABS, Azam I, Awan S, Zafar A. Asif AA.Association of airborne Aspergillus with asthma exacerbation in Southern Pakistan.Asia Pac Allergy. 2014;4:91-98.PMID: 24809014: PMCID: PMC4005352: DOI: 10.5415/apallergy.2014.4.2.91.
57. Nikaeen M, Hatamzadeh M, Hasanzadeh A, Sahami E, Joodan I. Bioaerosol emissions arising during application of municipal solid-waste compost. Aerobiol. 2009;25:1-6.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10453-008-9102-6
58. Khan A, Jamil B, Ali R, Sultan S. Tuberculosis and crypto- coccal meningitis in a setting with high TB and low HIV preva¬lence. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2009;19:487-491PMID: 19651010
59. Frankel M, Beko G, Timm M, Gustavsen S, Hansen EW. Madsen AM. Seasonal variations of indoor microbial exposures and their relation to temperature, relative relative humidity, and air exchange rate. Appl Environ Microbiol.2012;78:8289-8297. doi: 10.1128/AEM.02069-12
60. Vacher S, Hernandez C, Bartschi C, Poussereau N. Impact of paint and wall-paper on mould growth on plasterboards and aluminum. Build Environ. 2010;45(4):916-921. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2009.09.011
2. Rao TA, Shaikh AH, Ahmed M. Airborne fungal flora of Karachi, Pak J Bot. 2009;41(3):1421-8.
3. Hospodsky D, Qian J, Nazaroff WW, Yamamoto N, Bibby K, Rismani-Yazdi H, Peccia J. Human occupancy as a source of indoor airborne bacteria. PloS one. 2012;7(4):e34867.
4. Molhave L. Sick building syndrome. In Encyclopedia environ Health. 2011; (pp.61-67). Elsevier Limited. ISBN: 0444522735.
5. Zeliger H.I. Toxic effects of chemical mixtures. Arch Environ Health: An Int J. 2003;58(1):23-9.
6. Colbeck I, Nasir ZA. Ali Z. Characteristics of indoor/outdoor particulate pollution in urban and rural residential environment of Pakistan. Indoor Air. 2010;20(4):40-51.
7. Kalogerakis N, Paschali D, Lekaditis V, Pantidou A, Eleftheriadis K. Lazaridis M. Indoor air quality Bioaerosol measurements in domestic and office premises. J Aerosol Sci. 2005;36(96):751-61.
8. Duquenne P, Marchand G. Duchaine C. Measurement of endotoxins in bioaerosols at workplace: A critical review of literature and a standardization Issue. Ann OccupHyg. 2013;57(98):137-172.
9. Simoni M, Annesi-Maesano I, Viegi G. Indoor environment. In:Gibson GJ, Loddenkemper R, Sibille Y, Lundback B, editors.Eur Lung White Book Respiratory Health Dis Eur. 2013;112-23.
10. Hsu NY, Chen PY, Chang HW, Su HJ. Changes in profiles of airborne fungi in flooded homes in southern Taiwan after Typhoon Morakot. Sci Total Environ. 2011;409(9):1677-82.
11. Knutsen AP, Bush RK, Demain JG, Denning DW, Dixit A, Fairs A, et al. Fungi and allergic lower respiratory tract diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012;129(114):280-91.
12. Simoni M, Baldacci S, Maio S, Cerrai S, Sarno G, Viegi G. Adverse effects of outdoor pollution in the elderly. J Thorac Dis. 2015 Jan;7(1):34-45. doi: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2014.12.10.PMID: 25694816; PMCID: PMC4311079
13. Armadans-Gil, L, Rodriguez-Garrido V, Campins-Marti M, Gil-Cuesta J, Vaque-Rafart J. Particle counting and microbiological air sampling: Results of the simultaneous use of both procedures in different types of hospital rooms. Enferm Infect Microbiol Clin. 2013;31(12):217-21.
14. Hulin M, Simoni M, Viegi G, Annesi-Maesano I. Respiratoryhealth and indoor air pollutants based on quantitativeexposure assessments. Eur Respir J. 2012;40(52):1033-45.
15. Brown GD, Denning DW, Gow NA, Levitz SM, Netea MG, White TC. Hidden killers: human fungal infections. Sci Transl Med. 2012;4(165)165rv13.
16. To T, Stanojevic S, Moores G, Gershon AS, Bateman ED, Cruz AA, et al. Global asthma prevalence in adults: findings from the cross-sectional world health survey. BMC Public Health. 2012;12:204.
17. Bateman ED. Global Initative For Asthma (GINA) Reports. Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention (2015 update).DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00853-2015.
18. Alahmr FO, Othman M, Wahid NBA, Halim AA, Latif MT. Composition of dust fall around semi-urban areas of Malaysia. Aerosol Air Qual Res. 2012;12(45):629-42.
19. Co HX, Dung NT, Oanh NTK, Hang NT, Phuc NH, Le HA. Levels and Composition of ambient particulate matter at a mountainous rural site in Northern Vietnam. Aerosol Air Qual Res. 2014;14(412):1917-1928.
20. Onabowale MK, Owoade OK. Assessment residential indoor outdoor airborne particulate matter in Ibadan, Southwestern Nigeria. Dan J Phys. Sci. 2015;1(1):001 - 007.
21. Ezeh GC, Obioh IB, Asubiojo OI, Chiari M, Nava S, Calzolai G, et al. Elemental Compositions of PM10-2.5 and PM2.5 aerosols of a Nigerian Urban City using ion beam analytical techniques. Nucl Inst Methods Phy Res. 2014;334:28-33.
22. Moses EA, Orok UB. Contamination and health risk assessment of suspended particulate matter (SPM) in Uyo, Niger Delta, Nigeria. J Sci Res P Rep. 2015;6(4):276-86.
23. D'Amato G, Cecchi L, D-Amato M, Liccardi G. Urban airpollution and climate change as environmental risk factors ofrespiratory allergy: an update. J InvestigAllergol ClinImmunol. 2010;20(69):95-102.
24. Kunzli N, Perez L, Rapp R. Pollutants, sources and levels. Air Qual Health.Lausanne (Switzerland): Eur Respir Soc. 2010;9-22.
25. Penard-Morand C, Raherison C, Charpin D, Kopferschmitt C,Lavaud F, Caillaud D, et al. Long-term exposure to closeproximity air pollution and asthma and allergies in urbanchildren. Eur Respir J. 2010;36(12):33-40.
26. Kumar S, Verma MK, Srivastava AK. Ultrafine particles inurban ambient air and their health perspectives. Rev Envi¬ron Health. 2013;28(42):117-28.
27. Pegas PN, Evtyugina MG, Alves CA, Nunes T, Cerqueira M, Franchi M, et al. Outdoor/indoor air quality in primary schools in Lisbon: a preliminary study. Quimica nova. 2010;33(5):1145-9.
28. Siddiqui S, Mehfooz B. Influence of housing quality on public health in Lahore, Pakistan. Proc. Pak Academy Sci: Life Environ Sci. 2017;54(3):237-57.
29. Sidra S, Ali Z, Sultan S, Ahmed S, Colbeck I, Nasir ZA. Assessment of airborne micro flora in the indoor micro-environments of residential houses of Lahore, Pakistan. Aerosol Air Quality Res. 2015;15(6):2385-2396.
30. Balyan P, Ghosh C, Das S, Banerjee BD. Comparison of Efficiency of Active and Passive Methods of Bioaerosols’ Estimation. Indoor Environmental Quality 2020 (pp. 85-94). Springer, Singapore.DOI https//doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1334-3_10.
31. Cappuccino JG. Sherman N. Microbiology: A laboratory manual. 7th Edition. Pearson Education Inc. 2005;528.
32. Bogomolova E, Kirtsideli I. Airborne fungi in four stations of the St. Petersburg Underground railway system. Int BiodeterBiodegr. 2009;63(12):156–60.
33. Dugan FM. The identification of Fungi: An illustrated introduction with keys, glossary and guide to literature. AM Phytopathological Soc Press. 2005.
34. Lander F, Meyer HW, Norn S. Serum IgE specific to indoor moulds, measured by basophil histamine release, is associated with building-related symptoms in damp buildings. Inflammation Res. 2001;50:227–231.
35. Durrani Z, Naeem M, Khan MA. Assessment of bacterial infection in patients operated for complications of chronic fungal rhinosinusitis. Pak J Med Sci. 2018;2(1):153-6.
36. Hargreaves M, Parappukkaran S, Morawska L, Hitchins J, He C, Gilbert D. A pilot investigation into associations between indoor airborne fungal and non-biological particle concentrations in residential houses in Brisbane. Aust Sci Total Environ. 2003;312(74):89-101.
37. Chao CY, Cheng EC. Source apportionment of indoor PM2.5 and PM10 in homes. Indoor Built Environ. 2002;11(2):27-37.
38. Nasir ZA, Colbeck I, Sultan S, Ahmed S. Bioaerosols in residential micro-environments in low income countries: A case study from Pakistan. Environ Pollut. 2012;168(142):15-22.
39. Nafees AA, Taj T, Kadir MM. Fatmi Z. Lee K. Sathiakumar N. Indoor air pollution (PM2.5) due to secondhand smoke in selected hospitality and entertainment venues of Karachi, Pakistan. Tob Control. 2012;21(11):460-464.
40. Van Ryswyk K, Wheeler AJ, Wallace L, Kearney J, You H, Kulka R, Xu X. Impact of microenvironments and personal activities on personal PM2.5 exposures among asthmatic children. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2014;24(3):260-8.
41. Ferro AR, Kopperud RJ, Hildemann LM. Elevated personal exposure to particulate matter from human activities in a residence. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2004;14:S34-S40.
42. Chunram N, Vinitketkumnuen U, Deming RL, Chantara S. Indoor and Outdoor Levels of PM2.5 from Selected Residential and Workplace Buildings in Chiang Mai. Chiang Mai J Sci. 2007;34:219-26.
43. Massey D, Kulshrestha A, Masih J. Taneja A. Seasonal trends of PM10, PM5.0, PM2.5 & PM1.0 in indoor and outdoor environments of residential homes located in North-Central India. Build Environ. 2012;47: 223-231.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.07.018
44. Allard F, 2002. Natural Ventilation in Buildings-A Design Handbook. James and James (Science Publishers) Ltd., London, 2002: NW1 3ER, UKISBN 1 873936 72 9; TRN: gb9825415.
45. Mandal J, Brandl H. Bioaerosols in indoor environment - A review with special reference to residential and occupational locations. Open Environ Biol Monit J.2011;4:83-96.DOI: 10.2174/1875040001104010083
46. Mentese S, Rad AY, Arisoy M. Gullu G. Seasonal and spatial variations of bioaerosols in indoor urban environments, Ankara, Turkey. Indoor Built Environ.2012;21:797-810. https://doi.org/10. 1177%2F1420326X11425965
47. Zhu H, Phelan P, Duan T, Raupp G, Fernando HS. Che F. Experimental study of indoor and outdoor airborne bacterial concentrations in Tempe, Arizona, USA. Aerobiolo. 2003; 19:201-211. https:// doi.org/ 10.1023/B:AERO.0000006571.23160.8a.
48. Lee T, Grinshpun SA, Martuzevicius D, Adhikari A, Crawford CM, Reponen T. Culturability and concentration of indoor and outdoor airborne fungi in six single-family homes. Atmos Environ.2006;40:2902-2910.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.01.011
49. Mushtaq S, Haider MS, Mukhtar I, Khokhar I. Species of deuteromycetes (fungi imperfect) present at residential housesin railway colony Lahore, Pakistan. Pak J Phytopathol. 2011;23(2):118-124.
50. Bernasconi C, Rodolfi M, Picco AM, Grisoli P, Dacarro C, Rembges D. Pyrogenic activity of air to characterize bioaerosol exposure in public buildings: A pilot study. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2010; 50:571-577 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765X.2010.02831.x. PMID: 20337928.
51. Hedayati MT, Mayahi S, Aghili R, Goharimoghadam K. Airborne fungi in indoor and outdoor of asthmatic patients’ home, living in the city of Sari. Iranian J Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2005:189-91.PMID: 17301445.
52. Chen YP, Cui Y. Dong JG. Variation of airborne bacteria and fungi at Emperor Qin's Terra-Cotta Museum, Xi'an, China, during the “Oct. 1” gold week period of 2006. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int.2010;17:478¬485.PMID: 19479295; DOI: 10.1007/s11356-009-0161-1.
53. Sen B, Asan A. Fungal flora in indoor and outdoor air of different residential houses in Tekirdag City (Turkey): seasonal distribution and relationship with climatic factors. Environ Monitor Assess. 2009;151(1-4):209-219. PMID; 18509736: DOI; 10.1007/s10661-008-0262-1.
54. Bonetta S, Mosso S, Sampo S. Carraro, E. Assessment of microbiological indoor air quality in an Italian office building equipped with an HVAC system. Environ Monit Assess.2010;161:473-483.PMID: 19224384: DOI: 10.1007/s10661-009-0761-8
55. Haas D, Habib J, Galler H, Buzina W, Schlacher R, Marth E, et al. Assessment of indoor air in Austrian apartments with and without visible mold growth. Atmospheric Environ. 2007;41(25):5192–5201.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.07.062
56. Zubairi ABS, Azam I, Awan S, Zafar A. Asif AA.Association of airborne Aspergillus with asthma exacerbation in Southern Pakistan.Asia Pac Allergy. 2014;4:91-98.PMID: 24809014: PMCID: PMC4005352: DOI: 10.5415/apallergy.2014.4.2.91.
57. Nikaeen M, Hatamzadeh M, Hasanzadeh A, Sahami E, Joodan I. Bioaerosol emissions arising during application of municipal solid-waste compost. Aerobiol. 2009;25:1-6.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10453-008-9102-6
58. Khan A, Jamil B, Ali R, Sultan S. Tuberculosis and crypto- coccal meningitis in a setting with high TB and low HIV preva¬lence. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2009;19:487-491PMID: 19651010
59. Frankel M, Beko G, Timm M, Gustavsen S, Hansen EW. Madsen AM. Seasonal variations of indoor microbial exposures and their relation to temperature, relative relative humidity, and air exchange rate. Appl Environ Microbiol.2012;78:8289-8297. doi: 10.1128/AEM.02069-12
60. Vacher S, Hernandez C, Bartschi C, Poussereau N. Impact of paint and wall-paper on mould growth on plasterboards and aluminum. Build Environ. 2010;45(4):916-921. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2009.09.011
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 20 No 2 (2021) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijaai.v20i2.6048 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Asthma Bacteria Fungi Particulate matter | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Bukhari SS, Ali Z. Characterization of Bioaerosols and Particulate Matter (PM) in Residential Settings of Asthmatic Patients of Lahore, Pakistan. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2021;20(2):147-159.
