Montelukast and Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Scoping Review
,
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an emerging worldwide issue, that has affected a large number of people around the world. So far, many studies have aimed to develop a therapeutic approach against COVID-19. Montelukast (MK) is a safe asthma controller drug, which is considered as a potential antiviral drug for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This review has a systematic approach to investigate the reports on the use of MK as a part of treatment or a prophylactic agent in COVID-19. The search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases and yielded 35 studies containing the influence of MK on SARS-CoV-2. Ultimately, MK appears to be worth being used as an adjuvant therapeutic and prophylactic drug against SARS-CoV-2. Nevertheless, more clinical trials are required to accurately investigate its effectiveness.
1. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497-506
2. Chen G, Wu D, Guo W, Cao Y, Huang D, Wang H, et al. Clinical and immunological features of severe and moderate coronavirus disease 2019. J Clin Invest. 2020;130(5):2620-2629.
3. Hussain A, Mahawar K, Xia Z, Yang W, El-Hasani S. Obesity and mortality of COVID-19. Meta-analysis. Obes Res Clin Pract. 2020;14(4):295-300.
4. Kim CS, Park HS, Kawada T, Kim JH, Lim D, Hubbard NE, et al. Circulating levels of MCP-1 and IL-8 are elevated in human obese subjects and associated with obesity-related parameters. Int J Obes. 2006;30(9):1347-55.
5. Asselah T, Durantel D, Pasmant E, Lau G, Schinazi RF. COVID-19: Discovery, diagnostics and drug development. J Hepatol. 2021;74(1):168-84
6. Research FDACfDE. Guidance for Industry: Waiver of in vivo bioavailability and bioequivalence studies for immediate-release solid oral dosage. Forms based on a Biopharmaceutics Classification System. FDA Maryland. 2020.
7. Cao B, Wang Y, Wen D, Liu W, Wang J, Fan G, et al. A Trial of Lopinavir-Ritonavir in Adults Hospitalized with Severe Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(19):1787-99.
8. Sinha N, Balayla G. Hydroxychloroquine and COVID-19. Postgrad Med J. 2020;96(1139):550-5.
9. Maeba S, Ichiyama T, Ueno Y, Makata H, Matsubara T, Furukawa S. Effect of montelukast on nuclear factor κB activation and proinflammatory molecules. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2005; 94(6):670-4.
10. Noor A, Najmi MH, Bukhtiar S. Effect of Montelukast on bradykinin-induced contraction of isolated tracheal smooth muscle of guinea pig. Indian J Pharmacol. 2011;43(4):445-9
11. Gan HJ, Harikishore A, Lee J, Jeon S, Rajan S, Chen MW, et al. Antiviral activity against Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus by Montelukast, an anti-asthma drug. Antiviral Res. 2021;185:104996.
12. Xu X, Chen P, Wang J, Feng J, Zhou H, Li X, et al. Evolution of the novel coronavirus from the ongoing Wuhan outbreak and modeling of its spike protein for risk of human transmission. Sci China Life Sci. 2020;63(3):457-60.
13. Barré J, Sabatier JM, Annweiler C. Montelukast Drug May Improve COVID-19 Prognosis: A Review of Evidence. Front Pharmacol. 2020;11(4):1344.
14. Bhattacharyya D. Reposition of montelukast either alone or in combination with levocetirizine against SARS-CoV-2. Med Hypotheses. 2020;144(12):110046-8.
15. Funk CD, Ardakani A. A Novel Strategy to Mitigate the Hyperinflammatory Response to COVID-19 by Targeting Leukotrienes. Front Pharmacol. 2020;11(5):1214-8.
16. Ish P, Malhotra N, Gupta N. GINA 2020: what's new and why? J Asthma. 2020;8(2):1-5.
17. Food U, Administration D. FDA requires Boxed Warning about serious mental health side effects fr asthma and allergy drug montelukast (Singulair); advises restricting use for allergic rhinitis. FDA Drug Safety Communication March. 2020;4.
18. Manalai P, Woo J-M, Postolache TT. Suicidality and montelukast. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2009;8(3):273-82.
19. Ma C, Wang J. Dipyridamole, chloroquine, montelukast sodium, candesartan, oxytetracycline, and atazanavir are not SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2021;118(8):14-8.
20. Li Z, Lin Y, Huang YY, Liu R, Zhan CG, Wang X, et al. Reply to Ma and Wang: Reliability of various in vitro activity assays on SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2021;118(8):21-9.
21. Copertino DC, Jr., Duarte RRR, Powell TR, de Mulder Rougvie M, Nixon DF. Montelukast drug activity and potential against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). J Med Virol. 2021;93(1):187-9.
22. Kumar S, Singh B, Kumari P, Kumar PV, Agnihotri G, Khan S, et al. Identification of multipotent drugs for COVID-19 therapeutics with the evaluation of their SARS-CoV2 inhibitory activity. Comput Struct Biotechnol J. 2021;19(2):1998-2017.
23. Maffucci I, Contini A. In Silico Drug Repurposing for SARS-CoV-2 Main Proteinase and Spike Proteins. J Proteome Res. 2020;19(11):4637-48.
24. Capra V, Carnini C, Accomazzo MR, Di Gennaro A, Fiumicelli M, Borroni E, et al. Autocrine activity of cysteinyl leukotrienes in human vascular endothelial cells: Signaling through the CysLT2 receptor. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. 2015;120(5):115-25.
25. Sala A, Murphy RC, Voelkel NF. Direct airway injury results in elevated levels of sulfidopeptide leukotrienes, detectable in airway secretions. Prostaglandins. 1991;42(1):1-7.
26. Tahan F, Jazrawi E, Moodley T, Rovati GE, Adcock IM. Montelukast inhibits tumour necrosis factor-alpha-mediated interleukin-8 expression through inhibition of nuclear factor-kappaB p65-associated histone acetyltransferase activity. Clin Exp Allergy. 2008;38(5):805-11.
27. Chen X, Zhang X, Pan J. Effect of Montelukast on Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD) and Related Mechanisms. Med Sci Monit. 2019;25(4):1886-93.
28. Roche JA, Roche R. A hypothesized role for dysregulated bradykinin signaling in COVID-19 respiratory complications. FASEB J. 2020;34(6):7265-9.
29. Fidan C, Aydoğdu A. As a potential treatment of COVID-19: Montelukast. Med Hypotheses. 2020;142:109828.
30. Almerie MQ, Kerrigan DD. The association between obesity and poor outcome after COVID-19 indicates a potential therapeutic role for montelukast. Med hypotheses. 2020;12(8):143-5.
31. Sanghai N, Tranmer GK. Taming the cytokine storm: repurposing montelukast for the attenuation and prophylaxis of severe COVID-19 symptoms. Drug Discov Today. 2020;25(12):2076-9.
32. Lima-Morales R, Méndez-Hernández P, Flores YN, Osorno-Romero P, Cuecuecha-Rugerio E, Nava-Zamora A, et al. Effectiveness of a multidrug therapy consisting of ivermectin, azithromycin, montelukast and acetylsalicylic acid to prevent hospitalization and death among ambulatory COVID-19 cases in Tlaxcala, Mexico. Int J Infect Dis. 2021;105(8):598-605.
33. Butler CC, Dorward J, Yu L-M, Gbinigie O, Hayward G, Saville BR, et al. Azithromycin for community treatment of suspected COVID-19 in people at increased risk of an adverse clinical course in the UK (PRINCIPLE): a randomised, controlled, open-label, adaptive platform trial. Lancet;397(10279):1063-74.
34. López-Medina E, López P, Hurtado IC, Dávalos DM, Ramirez O, Martínez E, et al. Effect of Ivermectin on Time to Resolution of Symptoms Among Adults With Mild COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2021;325(14):1426-35.
35. Norouzi A. Treatment of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) cases by the oral administration of montelukast tablets. RevistaBionatura. 2020;5(4):1304-8.
36. Wu C, Liu Y, Yang Y, Zhang P, Zhong W, Wang Y, et al. Analysis of therapeutic targets for SARS-CoV-2 and discovery of potential drugs by computational methods. Acta Pharm Sin B. 2020;10(5):766-88.
37. Salman M, Shoab S, Aitzaz A, Imran A, Muhammad Tauseef G, Usman A, et al. A Case for Montelukast in COVID-19: "The use of Computational Docking to estimate the effects of Montelukast on potential viral main protease catalytic site". Res Sq. 2021.
38. Li Z, Li X, Huang YY, Wu Y, Liu R, Zhou L, et al. Identify potent SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitors via accelerated free energy perturbation-based virtual screening of existing drugs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020;117(44):27381-7.
39. Farag A, Wang P, Ahmed M, Sadek H. Identification of FDA approved drugs targeting COVID-19 virus by structure-based drug repositioning. 2020.
40. Abu-Saleh AAAA, Awad IE, Yadav A, Poirier RA. Discovery of potent inhibitors for SARS-CoV-2's main protease by ligand-based/structure-based virtual screening, MD simulations, and binding energy calculations. Phys Chem Chem. 2020;22(40):23099-106.
41. Sharma T, Abohashrh M, Baig MH, Dong J-J, Alam MM, Ahmad I, et al. Screening of drug databank against WT and mutant main protease of SARS-CoV-2: Towards finding potential compound for repurposing against COVID-19. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2021;28(5):3152-9.
42. Baby K, Maity S, Mehta CH, Suresh A, Nayak UY, Nayak Y. Targeting SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase: An in silico drug repurposing for COVID-19. F1000Res. 2020;9:1166.
43. Citron F, Perelli L, Deem AK, Genovese G, Viale A. Leukotrienes, a potential target for Covid-19. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2020;161:102174.
44. Yalcin Kehribar D, Cihangiroglu M, Sehmen E, Avci B, Capraz M, Boran M, et al. The assessment of the serum levels of TWEAK and prostaglandin F2 alpha in COVID-19. Turk J Med Sci. 17;50(8):1786-91.
45. Doğan HO, Şenol O, Bolat S, Yıldız ŞN, Büyüktuna SA, Sarıismailoğlu R, et al. Understanding the pathophysiological changes via untargeted metabolomics in COVID-19 patients. J Med Virol. 2021;93(4):2340-9.
46. Khan AR, Misdary C, Yegya-Raman N, Kim S, Narayanan N, Siddiqui S, et al. Montelukast in Hospitalized Patients Diagnosed with COVID-19. J Asthma. 2021;4;1-7.
47. Bozek A, Winterstein J. Montelukast’s ability to fight COVID-19 infection. J Asthma. 2020;17;1-2.
48. Downing S, Chauhan V, Chaudry I, Galwankar S, Sharma P, Stawicki S. Colchicine, aspirin, and montelukast-A case of successful combined pharmacotherapy for adult multisystem inflammatory syndrome in COVID-19. J Glob Infect Dis. 2020;12(4):221-4.
49. Tatu AL, Nadasdy T, Bujoreanu FC. Familial clustering of COVID-19 skin manifestations. Dermatol Ther. 2020;33(6):e14181
50. Raëth J, Tomio A, Eugene A, Mouffak A, Durand M, Hamidfar R, et al. Immunosuppression in a lung transplant recipient with COVID-19? Lessons from an early case. Respir Med Res. 2020;78:100782.
51. Nazir N, Ahirwar A, Jain S. Reinfection in a healthcare worker with COVID-19 in a hospital in North India. Anaesth. Pain Intensive Care. 2020;24(5):572-3.
52. Kimambo H, Chin JH, Mnacho M, Punatar P, Msilanga D, Chagula AC. Severe headache as the sole presenting symptom of COVID-19 pneumonia: A case report. InterdiscipNeurosurg. 2020;22:100882.
53. Li W, Cui H, Li K, Fang Y, Li S. Chest computed tomography in children with COVID-19 respiratory infection. Pediatr Radiol. 2020;50(6):796-9.
54. Hoq MI, Hossain MM, Roshni US, Sayeed MA, Tohura S, Jakaria M. Is COVID-19 spreading and curing silently: An observation of three family clusters in Bangladesh. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol. 2020;31(6):8-11.
55. Hirayama T, Hongo Y, Kaida K, Kano O. Guillain-Barré syndrome after COVID-19 in Japan. BMJ Case Rep. 2020;13(10):e239218.
56. He TP, Wang DL, Zhao J, Jiang XY, He J, Feng JK, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of an elderly patient with 2019-nCoV pneumonia and acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Gansu Province: A case report. World J Clin Cases. 2020;8(17):3903-910.
57. Garcia-Pachon E, Zamora-Molina L, Soler-Sempere MJ, Baeza-Martinez C, Grau-Delgado J, Canto-Reig V, et al. Asthma prevalence in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection detected by RT-PCR not requiring hospitalization. Respir Med. 2020;171:106084.
58. Haroun-Díaz E, Vázquez de la Torre M, Ruano FJ, Somoza Álvarez ML, Alzate DP, González PL, et al. Severe asthma during the COVID-19 pandemic: Clinical observations. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2020;8(8):2787-9.
59. Al-Makki A, Taber T. Neutropenic fever in COVID-19 in kidney transplant patient. Rev Med Virol. 2021;31(1):1-2.
2. Chen G, Wu D, Guo W, Cao Y, Huang D, Wang H, et al. Clinical and immunological features of severe and moderate coronavirus disease 2019. J Clin Invest. 2020;130(5):2620-2629.
3. Hussain A, Mahawar K, Xia Z, Yang W, El-Hasani S. Obesity and mortality of COVID-19. Meta-analysis. Obes Res Clin Pract. 2020;14(4):295-300.
4. Kim CS, Park HS, Kawada T, Kim JH, Lim D, Hubbard NE, et al. Circulating levels of MCP-1 and IL-8 are elevated in human obese subjects and associated with obesity-related parameters. Int J Obes. 2006;30(9):1347-55.
5. Asselah T, Durantel D, Pasmant E, Lau G, Schinazi RF. COVID-19: Discovery, diagnostics and drug development. J Hepatol. 2021;74(1):168-84
6. Research FDACfDE. Guidance for Industry: Waiver of in vivo bioavailability and bioequivalence studies for immediate-release solid oral dosage. Forms based on a Biopharmaceutics Classification System. FDA Maryland. 2020.
7. Cao B, Wang Y, Wen D, Liu W, Wang J, Fan G, et al. A Trial of Lopinavir-Ritonavir in Adults Hospitalized with Severe Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(19):1787-99.
8. Sinha N, Balayla G. Hydroxychloroquine and COVID-19. Postgrad Med J. 2020;96(1139):550-5.
9. Maeba S, Ichiyama T, Ueno Y, Makata H, Matsubara T, Furukawa S. Effect of montelukast on nuclear factor κB activation and proinflammatory molecules. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2005; 94(6):670-4.
10. Noor A, Najmi MH, Bukhtiar S. Effect of Montelukast on bradykinin-induced contraction of isolated tracheal smooth muscle of guinea pig. Indian J Pharmacol. 2011;43(4):445-9
11. Gan HJ, Harikishore A, Lee J, Jeon S, Rajan S, Chen MW, et al. Antiviral activity against Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus by Montelukast, an anti-asthma drug. Antiviral Res. 2021;185:104996.
12. Xu X, Chen P, Wang J, Feng J, Zhou H, Li X, et al. Evolution of the novel coronavirus from the ongoing Wuhan outbreak and modeling of its spike protein for risk of human transmission. Sci China Life Sci. 2020;63(3):457-60.
13. Barré J, Sabatier JM, Annweiler C. Montelukast Drug May Improve COVID-19 Prognosis: A Review of Evidence. Front Pharmacol. 2020;11(4):1344.
14. Bhattacharyya D. Reposition of montelukast either alone or in combination with levocetirizine against SARS-CoV-2. Med Hypotheses. 2020;144(12):110046-8.
15. Funk CD, Ardakani A. A Novel Strategy to Mitigate the Hyperinflammatory Response to COVID-19 by Targeting Leukotrienes. Front Pharmacol. 2020;11(5):1214-8.
16. Ish P, Malhotra N, Gupta N. GINA 2020: what's new and why? J Asthma. 2020;8(2):1-5.
17. Food U, Administration D. FDA requires Boxed Warning about serious mental health side effects fr asthma and allergy drug montelukast (Singulair); advises restricting use for allergic rhinitis. FDA Drug Safety Communication March. 2020;4.
18. Manalai P, Woo J-M, Postolache TT. Suicidality and montelukast. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2009;8(3):273-82.
19. Ma C, Wang J. Dipyridamole, chloroquine, montelukast sodium, candesartan, oxytetracycline, and atazanavir are not SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2021;118(8):14-8.
20. Li Z, Lin Y, Huang YY, Liu R, Zhan CG, Wang X, et al. Reply to Ma and Wang: Reliability of various in vitro activity assays on SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2021;118(8):21-9.
21. Copertino DC, Jr., Duarte RRR, Powell TR, de Mulder Rougvie M, Nixon DF. Montelukast drug activity and potential against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). J Med Virol. 2021;93(1):187-9.
22. Kumar S, Singh B, Kumari P, Kumar PV, Agnihotri G, Khan S, et al. Identification of multipotent drugs for COVID-19 therapeutics with the evaluation of their SARS-CoV2 inhibitory activity. Comput Struct Biotechnol J. 2021;19(2):1998-2017.
23. Maffucci I, Contini A. In Silico Drug Repurposing for SARS-CoV-2 Main Proteinase and Spike Proteins. J Proteome Res. 2020;19(11):4637-48.
24. Capra V, Carnini C, Accomazzo MR, Di Gennaro A, Fiumicelli M, Borroni E, et al. Autocrine activity of cysteinyl leukotrienes in human vascular endothelial cells: Signaling through the CysLT2 receptor. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. 2015;120(5):115-25.
25. Sala A, Murphy RC, Voelkel NF. Direct airway injury results in elevated levels of sulfidopeptide leukotrienes, detectable in airway secretions. Prostaglandins. 1991;42(1):1-7.
26. Tahan F, Jazrawi E, Moodley T, Rovati GE, Adcock IM. Montelukast inhibits tumour necrosis factor-alpha-mediated interleukin-8 expression through inhibition of nuclear factor-kappaB p65-associated histone acetyltransferase activity. Clin Exp Allergy. 2008;38(5):805-11.
27. Chen X, Zhang X, Pan J. Effect of Montelukast on Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD) and Related Mechanisms. Med Sci Monit. 2019;25(4):1886-93.
28. Roche JA, Roche R. A hypothesized role for dysregulated bradykinin signaling in COVID-19 respiratory complications. FASEB J. 2020;34(6):7265-9.
29. Fidan C, Aydoğdu A. As a potential treatment of COVID-19: Montelukast. Med Hypotheses. 2020;142:109828.
30. Almerie MQ, Kerrigan DD. The association between obesity and poor outcome after COVID-19 indicates a potential therapeutic role for montelukast. Med hypotheses. 2020;12(8):143-5.
31. Sanghai N, Tranmer GK. Taming the cytokine storm: repurposing montelukast for the attenuation and prophylaxis of severe COVID-19 symptoms. Drug Discov Today. 2020;25(12):2076-9.
32. Lima-Morales R, Méndez-Hernández P, Flores YN, Osorno-Romero P, Cuecuecha-Rugerio E, Nava-Zamora A, et al. Effectiveness of a multidrug therapy consisting of ivermectin, azithromycin, montelukast and acetylsalicylic acid to prevent hospitalization and death among ambulatory COVID-19 cases in Tlaxcala, Mexico. Int J Infect Dis. 2021;105(8):598-605.
33. Butler CC, Dorward J, Yu L-M, Gbinigie O, Hayward G, Saville BR, et al. Azithromycin for community treatment of suspected COVID-19 in people at increased risk of an adverse clinical course in the UK (PRINCIPLE): a randomised, controlled, open-label, adaptive platform trial. Lancet;397(10279):1063-74.
34. López-Medina E, López P, Hurtado IC, Dávalos DM, Ramirez O, Martínez E, et al. Effect of Ivermectin on Time to Resolution of Symptoms Among Adults With Mild COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2021;325(14):1426-35.
35. Norouzi A. Treatment of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) cases by the oral administration of montelukast tablets. RevistaBionatura. 2020;5(4):1304-8.
36. Wu C, Liu Y, Yang Y, Zhang P, Zhong W, Wang Y, et al. Analysis of therapeutic targets for SARS-CoV-2 and discovery of potential drugs by computational methods. Acta Pharm Sin B. 2020;10(5):766-88.
37. Salman M, Shoab S, Aitzaz A, Imran A, Muhammad Tauseef G, Usman A, et al. A Case for Montelukast in COVID-19: "The use of Computational Docking to estimate the effects of Montelukast on potential viral main protease catalytic site". Res Sq. 2021.
38. Li Z, Li X, Huang YY, Wu Y, Liu R, Zhou L, et al. Identify potent SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitors via accelerated free energy perturbation-based virtual screening of existing drugs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020;117(44):27381-7.
39. Farag A, Wang P, Ahmed M, Sadek H. Identification of FDA approved drugs targeting COVID-19 virus by structure-based drug repositioning. 2020.
40. Abu-Saleh AAAA, Awad IE, Yadav A, Poirier RA. Discovery of potent inhibitors for SARS-CoV-2's main protease by ligand-based/structure-based virtual screening, MD simulations, and binding energy calculations. Phys Chem Chem. 2020;22(40):23099-106.
41. Sharma T, Abohashrh M, Baig MH, Dong J-J, Alam MM, Ahmad I, et al. Screening of drug databank against WT and mutant main protease of SARS-CoV-2: Towards finding potential compound for repurposing against COVID-19. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2021;28(5):3152-9.
42. Baby K, Maity S, Mehta CH, Suresh A, Nayak UY, Nayak Y. Targeting SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase: An in silico drug repurposing for COVID-19. F1000Res. 2020;9:1166.
43. Citron F, Perelli L, Deem AK, Genovese G, Viale A. Leukotrienes, a potential target for Covid-19. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2020;161:102174.
44. Yalcin Kehribar D, Cihangiroglu M, Sehmen E, Avci B, Capraz M, Boran M, et al. The assessment of the serum levels of TWEAK and prostaglandin F2 alpha in COVID-19. Turk J Med Sci. 17;50(8):1786-91.
45. Doğan HO, Şenol O, Bolat S, Yıldız ŞN, Büyüktuna SA, Sarıismailoğlu R, et al. Understanding the pathophysiological changes via untargeted metabolomics in COVID-19 patients. J Med Virol. 2021;93(4):2340-9.
46. Khan AR, Misdary C, Yegya-Raman N, Kim S, Narayanan N, Siddiqui S, et al. Montelukast in Hospitalized Patients Diagnosed with COVID-19. J Asthma. 2021;4;1-7.
47. Bozek A, Winterstein J. Montelukast’s ability to fight COVID-19 infection. J Asthma. 2020;17;1-2.
48. Downing S, Chauhan V, Chaudry I, Galwankar S, Sharma P, Stawicki S. Colchicine, aspirin, and montelukast-A case of successful combined pharmacotherapy for adult multisystem inflammatory syndrome in COVID-19. J Glob Infect Dis. 2020;12(4):221-4.
49. Tatu AL, Nadasdy T, Bujoreanu FC. Familial clustering of COVID-19 skin manifestations. Dermatol Ther. 2020;33(6):e14181
50. Raëth J, Tomio A, Eugene A, Mouffak A, Durand M, Hamidfar R, et al. Immunosuppression in a lung transplant recipient with COVID-19? Lessons from an early case. Respir Med Res. 2020;78:100782.
51. Nazir N, Ahirwar A, Jain S. Reinfection in a healthcare worker with COVID-19 in a hospital in North India. Anaesth. Pain Intensive Care. 2020;24(5):572-3.
52. Kimambo H, Chin JH, Mnacho M, Punatar P, Msilanga D, Chagula AC. Severe headache as the sole presenting symptom of COVID-19 pneumonia: A case report. InterdiscipNeurosurg. 2020;22:100882.
53. Li W, Cui H, Li K, Fang Y, Li S. Chest computed tomography in children with COVID-19 respiratory infection. Pediatr Radiol. 2020;50(6):796-9.
54. Hoq MI, Hossain MM, Roshni US, Sayeed MA, Tohura S, Jakaria M. Is COVID-19 spreading and curing silently: An observation of three family clusters in Bangladesh. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol. 2020;31(6):8-11.
55. Hirayama T, Hongo Y, Kaida K, Kano O. Guillain-Barré syndrome after COVID-19 in Japan. BMJ Case Rep. 2020;13(10):e239218.
56. He TP, Wang DL, Zhao J, Jiang XY, He J, Feng JK, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of an elderly patient with 2019-nCoV pneumonia and acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Gansu Province: A case report. World J Clin Cases. 2020;8(17):3903-910.
57. Garcia-Pachon E, Zamora-Molina L, Soler-Sempere MJ, Baeza-Martinez C, Grau-Delgado J, Canto-Reig V, et al. Asthma prevalence in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection detected by RT-PCR not requiring hospitalization. Respir Med. 2020;171:106084.
58. Haroun-Díaz E, Vázquez de la Torre M, Ruano FJ, Somoza Álvarez ML, Alzate DP, González PL, et al. Severe asthma during the COVID-19 pandemic: Clinical observations. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2020;8(8):2787-9.
59. Al-Makki A, Taber T. Neutropenic fever in COVID-19 in kidney transplant patient. Rev Med Virol. 2021;31(1):1-2.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 20 No 4 (2021) | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijaai.v20i4.6948 | |
| Keywords | ||
| COVID-19 Leukotriene antagonists Leukotriene D4 receptor Montelukast SARS-CoV-2 | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Sharifinejad N, Sharafian S, Salekmoghadam S, Tavakol M, Qorbani M. Montelukast and Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Scoping Review. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2021;20(4):384-393.
