Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology 1735-1502 17 3 2018 06 10 208 220 EN Sanni Kumar Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India Ena Gupta Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India Sanket Kaushik Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India Anupam Jyoti Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India 2017 06 07 2017 11 29 Neutrophils are the forerunner in innate immunity by defending the host organisms against infectious pathogens. During such process, neutrophils reach the site of inflammation/infection and eliminate the pathogens by phagocytosis as well as by forming the neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). NETs trap and eradicate a number of microbes including bacteria, fungi, protozoa, viruses. NETs consist of DNA which is decorated with histones and granular proteins such as neutrophil elastase (NE), gelatinase, myeloperoxidase. NETosis (a process of NETs formation) is also involved in many inflammatory and autoimmune disorders with a major contribution to acute respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis, cystic fibrosis, periodontitis. Hyper NETosis or ineffective clearance of NETs would likely increase the risk of auto-antibody generation against NETs components and contribution in auto-inflammatory diseases. The purpose of this review is intended to highlight the molecular mechanisms of NETosis and its antimicrobial effect. Furthermore, a current status of NETosis in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and autoimmune disorders has been reviewed for better understanding.  https://ijaai.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijaai/article/view/1500 https://ijaai.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijaai/article/download/1500/828

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology 1735-1502 17 3 2018 06 10 221 231 EN Vahideh Ghorani Pharmaciutical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran AND Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Narges Marefati Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran AND Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Farzaneh Shakeri Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran AND Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Ramin Rezaee Clinical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Marzie Boskabady Dental Materials Research Center, School of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran AND Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Mohammad Hossein Boskabady Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran AND Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran 2017 07 03 2017 11 06 Antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-hyperglycaemic, anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory effects of Allium cepa (A. cepa) have been previously shown. In this study, the effects of A. cepa aqueous-alcoholic extract on tracheal responsiveness, lung inflammatory cells and phospholipase A2 (PLA2) level in bronchoalveolar fluid (BALF) of asthmatic rats were examined. Wistar rats were randomly divided into control group (C), asthmatic group (A), asthmatic group (A) treated with A. cepa extract (AC, 0.175, 0.35, and 0.7 mg/mL) and dexamethasone (D, 1.25 μg/mL). The extract of A. cepa and dexamethasone were added to animal's drinking water during sensitization period. Tracheal responsiveness to methacholine and ovalbumin, lung inflammatory cells and PLA2 level in BALF were assessed. Tracheal responsiveness to methacholine and ovalbumin, PLA2 level, total and most differential WBC count were increased but lymphocytes was decreased in asthmatic animals compared to group C (p<0.05 to p < 0.001). Treatment of sensitized rats with dexamethasone and all concentrations of A. cepa lead to a significant decrease in total WBC and PLA2 level compared to asthmatic group (p<0.001). The two higher concentrations of A. cepa also significantly decreased tracheal responsiveness, neutrophil and eosinophil counts but led to a significant increase in lymphocytes count compared to asthmatic group (p<0.05 to p<0.001). Treatment of sensitized group with the highest concentration of A. cepa also significantly reduced monocyte count compared to asthmatic group (p< 0.001). Anti-inflammatory and preventive effects of A. cepa on tracheal responsiveness and lung inflammation in asthmatic animals may suggest its potential therapeutic effect on airway diseases such as asthma. https://ijaai.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijaai/article/view/1550 https://ijaai.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijaai/article/download/1550/832

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology 1735-1502 17 3 2018 06 10 232 239 EN Fei Shi Emergency Department, Jinan University, The Second Clinical College, Shenzhen, China Chen Qiu Respiratory Department, Jinan University, The Second Clinical College, Shenzhen, China Jie Yu Respiratory Department, Jinan University, The Second Clinical College, Shenzhen, China Ying Yang Emergency Department, Jinan University, The Second Clinical College, Shenzhen, China Binbin Li Emergency Department, Jinan University, The Second Clinical College, Shenzhen, China Mengjie Feng Respiratory Department, Jinan University, The Second Clinical College, Shenzhen, China Ting Zhang Respiratory Department, Jinan University, The Second Clinical College, Shenzhen, China Wenwen Liu Emergency Department, Jinan University, The Second Clinical College, Shenzhen, China 2017 06 10 2018 02 06 The exact role of fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) in older patients with chronic inflammatory diseases including asthma-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) overlap (ACO) remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the differences in FeNO levels of elderly patients with ACO, asthma, COPD, and chronic cough. We conducted a retrospective study analysing the data of stable outpatients from Pulmonary Department of the Second Clinical College, Jinan University. All participants (Age≥55 years) were divided into the ACO group (n=19), asthma group (n=16), COPD group (n=25), and chronic cough group (n=22). The clinical data such as peripheral eosinophil counts, serum high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), FeNO, and spirometry was collected, and the correlations between FeNO levels and systemic markers or spirometric indices were analyzed. Patients with ACO and asthma had significantly elevated FeNO levels (37.7±16.5, and 36.3±17.7 ppb) compared with COPD, and chronic cough patients (21.9±10.3, and 16.1±8.8 ppb). The FeNO levels were negatively associated with forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1, p=0.003), FEV1% predicted (p=0.012), and FEV1/forced vital capacity (FVC, p=0.002) in all groups. However, there were no significant correlation between FeNO levels and FVC, peripheral eosinophil counts, or serum hs-CRP (p>0.05). Elderly patients with ACO have higher levels of FeNO, when compared with patients with COPD or chronic cough. These findings suggest that FeNO measurement may provide an important implication for the etiological diagnosis of ACO in the elderly patients. https://ijaai.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijaai/article/view/1506 https://ijaai.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijaai/article/download/1506/829

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology 1735-1502 17 3 2018 06 10 240 249 EN Majid Asadi-Ghalehni Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohamad Javad Rasaee Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Nabiollah Namvar Asl Laboratory of Animal Sciences, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran Masood Khosravani Department of Nanomedicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Masoumeh Rajabibazl Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Saeed khalili Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Biology Sciences, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran Helmout Modjtahedi Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University, London, England Esmaeil Sadroddiny Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2017 06 16 2017 12 26 Over expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in many human epithelial tumors has been correlated with disease progression and poor prognosis. EGFR-inhibiting immunotherapy has already been introduced in cancer therapy. Peptide displaying phage particles in eukaryotic hosts can behave as antigen carriers, able to activate the innate immune system and to elicit adaptive immunity. Herein, the M13-pAK8-VIII phagemid plasmid was engineered to contain the sequences for an EGFR mimotope along with the L2 extracellular domain of EGFR (EM-L2) which would produce the final peptide-phage vaccine. The prophylactic and therapeutic effects of this novel vaccine were evaluated on the Lewis lung carcinoma induced mouse (C57/BL6) model. The recombinant peptide was confirmed to be displayed on the surface of M13 phage as an extension for phage’s PVIII protein. Immunization of mice with peptide-phage vaccine resulted in antibody production against EM-L2 and significant reduction of tumor growth rate by nearly 25 percent. In conclusion, EM-L2 displaying phage particles could be deemed as an encouraging strategy in contemporary cancer immunotherapy. https://ijaai.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijaai/article/view/1516 https://ijaai.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijaai/article/download/1516/830

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology 1735-1502 17 3 2018 06 10 250 257 EN Shamila Alipoor Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Molecular Medicine Department, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran AND Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Esmaeil Mortaz Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands Payam Tabarsi Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Majid Marjani Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Varahram Mycobacteriology Research Center (MRC) National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Gert Folkerts Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands Johan Garssen Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands AND Nutricia Research Centre for Specialized Nutrition, Utrecht, Netherlands Ian Adcock Airways Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK AND Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia 2017 06 28 2017 12 03 Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major threat to human health. Understanding the strategies mycobacteria take to overcome immune defense is important in order to control the infection. Micro (mi)RNAs are master regulators of most pathways in the human body.  Infection with mycobacterium impacts upon the host metabolic pathways as they are subverted to obtain the nutrition for intracellular TB survival. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) infection on the expression of three miRNAs (miR-1224, -484 and -425), which are important in infection and in the regulation of metabolic pathways. Peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophage (MDM) cultures were prepared and infected with BCG at a multiplicity of infection (MOI)=10 or left uninfected as a control. 72h post-infection, RNA was extracted from the cultured cells and cDNA synthesis and real-time PCR performed. Expression levels miRNAs were normalized to the levels of U6 snRNA (Rnu6) using the 2–ΔΔCt method. Infection with BCG resulted in a highly significant increase in miR-1224 expression (24.4±3.8-fold induction) in human MDMs. The induction of miR-484 (1.8±0.3-fold increase) and of miR-425 (1.2±0.2-fold increase) was less increased compared to miR-1224. Mycobacterium tolerates a hostile microenvironment by escaping from lysosomal degradation and providing a lipid-rich niche by trigger with and re-pattering host metabolism. This study highlighted the potential roles of miRNAs in host responses upon mycobacterium infection. https://ijaai.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijaai/article/view/1541 https://ijaai.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijaai/article/download/1541/831

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology 1735-1502 17 3 2018 06 10 258 264 EN

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology 1735-1502 16 4 2017 08 12 321 328 EN Maryam Sadri Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mazdak Ganjalikhani-Hakemi Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Peyman Akbari Division of Immunopharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands Rasoul Salehi Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Sedighe Rastaghi Department of Biostatistics, School of Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran Ramin Ghasemi Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Rezvan Meshkat Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran 2016 08 07 2017 04 09 T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain (TIM)-3 have been shown to negatively regulate Th1 cell-mediated immunity. Activation of TIM-3 by galectin-9 induces Th1 cell apoptosis, which may contribute to skewing of immune response towards Th2-dominant immunity. The aim of this study was to determine whether certain genetic variations of TIM-3 influence predisposition to asthma in a sample of Iranian population. This case-control study was conducted on 209 patients with asthma and 200 healthy controls. The +4259 T>G and -574 G>T polymorphisms were detected using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism(PCR-RFLP) and amplification refractory mutation system-PCR(ARMS-PCR). Total serum IgE was further measured with ELISA. Notably, +4259T > G and-574G>T polymorphisms of TIM-3 were significantly associated with the susceptibility to asthma. In addition, the present study showed a significant difference between the distribution frequency of the GT + TT genotype and T allele on the +4259 T>G and -574 G>T locus between the groups.However, no correlation between the +4259 T > G and -574G > T polymorphisms and total serum IgE levels were observed. Together these results suggest that the TIM-3 +4259 T>G and -574 G>T polymorphisms are greatly associated with the susceptibility of Iranian population to asthma, which could open up new horizons for  better understanding of the pathophysiology, diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic approaches of asthma.  https://ijaai.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijaai/article/view/1026 https://ijaai.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijaai/article/download/1026/756

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology 1735-1502 16 4 2017 08 12 329 337 EN Ebrahim Kouchaki Department of Neurology, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran Omid Reza Tamtaji Physiology Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran Ehsan Dadgostar Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran Mohammad Karami Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran Hassan Nikoueinejad Nephrology and Urology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hossein Akbari Department of Biostatistics and Public Health, Faculty of Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran 2016 09 05 2017 04 22 IL-33 and IL-37 (new cytokines of IL-1 family), soluble form of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (sVEGFR2) as well as membranous expression of VEGFR2 have some key roles in the pathogenesis of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. The aim of this study was to correlate circulatory changes of these factors with the severity of multiple sclerosis (MS) as an autoimmune and inflammatory disease. Our case-control study was performed on 84 patients with MS and 75 healthy subjects. The serum levels of IL-33, IL-37 and sVEGFR2 in the peripheral blood samples of all participants were measured by enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA). Flow cytometry was used to analyze the circulatory number of VEGFR2-expressing cells. The severity of MS was evaluated using the expanded disability status scale (EDSS). Finally, we evaluated the correlation between serum levels of those factors with disease severity. Our findings showed that the serum level of IL-33, IL-37, sVEGFR2 and the circulatory number of VEGFR2-expressing cells were increased in patients with MS compared to healthy subjects (p<0.0001). Also, there was a significant correlation between serum levels of these 3 factors with disease severity according to EDSS. Our study showed that the serum levels of IL-33, IL-37 and sVEGFR2 may be important prognostic biomarkers of MS. https://ijaai.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijaai/article/view/1040 https://ijaai.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijaai/article/download/1040/747

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology 1735-1502 16 4 2017 08 12 338 346 EN Arezou Sayad Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mir Davood Omrani Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Urogenital Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ghasem Solgi Immunology Department, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran Rezvan Noroozi Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Health, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran Shahram Arsang-Jang Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Health, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran Hidetoshi Inoko Department of Molecular Life Science, School of Medicine, Tokai University,  Isehara, Japan AND Genodive Pharma Inc., Atsugi, Japan Mohammad Taheri Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Urogenital Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2016 08 02 2017 05 06 The association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the IL-7Rα gene with multiple sclerosis (MS) have been documented in various populations. This study aimed to evaluate the genotype distributions of two SNPs, rs6897932 and rs201084372, and the functional association of rs6897932 in relation to IL-7Rα gene expression in a group of Iranian relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) patients.  Genotyping for both SNPs in the IL7Rα gene and relative quantification of mRNA expression for both isoforms of IL-7Rα were performed in 100 RRMS patients and 100 ethnic-matched healthy controls. Higher significant frequencies of the T allele and TT genotype for rs6897932 (C/T) were observed in patients comparing to controls (p=0.006). Higher frequencies of the T allele and the TT and TG genotypes and lower frequencies of the G allele and GG genotypes for rs201084372 (G/A) were found in patients comparing to controls (p<0.0001).  A decreased level of mRNA expression for the membrane-bound IL-7Rα (mbIL-7Rα) and an increased level of mRNA for the soluble IL-7Rα (sIL-7Rα) were observed in patients versus controls (p=0.005 and p=0.002 respectively). A significant decreased level of mRNA expression for mbIL-7Rα (p=0.01) and an increased level of mRNA for sIL-7Rα (p=0.008) were observed in RRMS patients compared to healthy controls carrying the TT+CT genotypes. The higher levels of mRNA expression for the sIL-7Rα isoform in MS patients carrying the IL7R*TT genotype is a new finding not previously reported in studies on the genotype-induced effects of IL-7Rα expression in multiple sclerosis.   https://ijaai.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijaai/article/view/1024 https://ijaai.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijaai/article/download/1024/751

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology 1735-1502 16 4 2017 08 12 347 357 EN Yu Yao Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China Huawei Xue Department of Orthopedics, The Third People’s Hospital of Nantong, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China Xiangdong Chen Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China Yong Cao Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China Jiang Yu Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China Xingjie Jiang Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China Feng Zhang Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China 2016 09 24 2017 05 23 This study aimed to explore the expression of T helper type 1 (Th1)/T helper type 2 (Th2) in herniated nucleus pulposus (NP) and determine their association with sciatic pain. NP was collected from 12 patients with lumbar disc herniation (LDH) (extrusion group) and 6 patients with a vertebral fracture (control group). The expression of Th1/Th2 and related cytokines in the NP was examined by flow cytometry, Western blot, and immunofluorescent staining. Subsequently, an LDH model was established in male Sprague–Dawley rats, and behavioral testings were carried out. The expression of Th1/Th2 and related cytokines in rat NP and the expression of macrophages in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were also examined. The number of Th1 cells in rat NP dramatically increased on day 14 after the surgery, but significantly decreased on day 28. The number of Th2 cells increased on day 28. Chemokine ligand 3(CCL3) and CD86 proteins (M1-specific molecules) were expressed at a relatively low level in naive DRG, markedly increased on day 14 after the surgery, and decreased on day 28. Arg1 and CD206 protein (M2-specific molecules) were expressed at a relatively low level in naive DRG and markedly increased on day 28. The mechanical allodynia and heat hyperalgesia developed after NP application and finally partially alleviated. The results suggested that the polarization of Th cells might be involved in the pathogenesis of LDH, and this might be achieved via the phenotypic shift of macrophages. https://ijaai.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijaai/article/view/1073 https://ijaai.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijaai/article/download/1073/749

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology 1735-1502 16 4 2017 08 12 358 366 EN Nicolae Berghi Anima Medical Center, Bucharest, Romania 2016 06 28 2017 03 17 Autoimmunity represents the attack of the immune system of an organism against its own cells and tissues. Autoimmune diseases may affect one organ (Hashimoto thyroiditis) or can be systemic (chronic urticaria). Many factors are implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity (white cells, cytokines, chemokines). Hashimoto thyroiditis has been associated with chronic urticaria in the last 3 decades in a number of clinical studies. Anti-thyroid antibodies have been documented in a proportion ranging from 10% to 30% in chronic urticaria patients in different countries from 3 continents. Two of the factors involved in the mechanism of autoimmunity are present both in the pathophysiology of Hashimoto thyroiditis and chronic urticaria. According to recent studies, IL6 is implicated in the pathogenesis of both diseases. TregsCD4+CD25+Foxp3+ cells have also been implicated in the pathological mechanisms of these 2 entities. This review offers an explanation of the clinical and statistical association between these two diseases from the pathophysiological point of view. https://ijaai.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijaai/article/view/984 https://ijaai.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijaai/article/download/984/754

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology 1735-1502 16 4 2017</