Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology 1735-1502 21 1 2022 02 06 92 97 Sule Haskologlu Department of Pediatric, Immunology and Allergy and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Unit, School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey Kubra Baskin Department of Pediatric, Immunology and Allergy and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Unit, School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey Caner Aytekin Pediatric Immunology Clinic, Dr. Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pediatric Health and Diseases, Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey Candan Islamoglu Department of Pediatric, Immunology and Allergy and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Unit, School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey Serdar Ceylaner Intergen Genetic Diagnostics Center, Ankara, Turkey Figen Dogu Department of Pediatric, Immunology and Allergy and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Unit, School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey Nurdan Tacyildiz Department of Pediatric, Hematology and Oncology, School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey Emel Unal Department of Pediatric, Hematology and Oncology, School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey Aydan Ikinciogullari Department of Pediatric, Immunology and Allergy and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Unit, School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey 2021 02 02 2021 07 24 Loss-of-function mutations in magnesium transporter 1 (MAGT1) gene cause X-linked magnesium deficiency with Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection and neoplasm (X-MEN), a disease with quite diverse clinical and immunological consequences. The phenotypic characteristics of the initially described patients included CD4+ T cell lymphopenia, immune deficiency, EBV viremia, and EBV-related lymphoproliferative disease. To date, a total of 25 patients have been reported. The spectrum of the MAGT1 defect ranges from other viral infections (HSV, VZV, CMV, MCV) and sinopulmonary bacterial infections, autoimmune diseases, non-EBV driven lymphoproliferative disease, Castleman disease, HHV8+ Kaposi's sarcoma, vasculitis (Kawasaki) to glycosylation defects in new patients. Here, we report 2 patients from two different families with novel MAGT1 mutations and different clinical features. The first patient presented with B cell lymphoma and low IgM level without recurrent infections. The second patient presented with recurrent upper respiratory tract infections, Kawasaki-like disease, hypogammaglobulinemia, and T cell lymphopenia. X-MEN disease is the first phenotype identified due to MAGT1 mutation. The identification of new mutations and atypical presentations will clarify whether there is a relationship between the genotype and the phenotype and the characteristics of the disease. https://ijaai.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijaai/article/view/3111 https://ijaai.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijaai/article/download/3111/1798

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology 1735-1502 21 1 2022 02 06 1 11 Azam Samei Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran Mostafa Khedri Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran 2020 10 13 2021 08 02 Program cell death protein 1 (PD1) is considered as an inhibitory molecule that is expressed on the surface of activated T-cells and bound to PD-L1 and PD-L2 ligands. Several types of cancer cells express PD-L1 which can bind to PD1 on the surface of tumor-specific T-cells. PD1/PD-L1 ligation triggers a pathway to protect tumor cells from an effective response of tumor-specific T-cells. Different PD1/PD-L1 blocker antibodies are clinically used to promote the T-cell response against the cancer cells. Current studies suggest that the gut microbiome impacts the efficiency of PD1 blockade therapy in cancer patients. The association of several bacterial species with PD1 responder patients has been determined. The present study reviewed previous reports on the relation between the microbiome and immune checkpoint therapy (ICT). The results of studies were discussed considering adjuvant and molecular mimicry of microbial antigens by tumor-associated antigens and metabolic effects of microbial products on ICT.   https://ijaai.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijaai/article/view/3003 https://ijaai.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijaai/article/download/3003/1787

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology 1735-1502 21 1 2022 02 06 101 103 Hamid Chegni Department of Laboratory Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ardeshir Abbasi Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Hajar Rajayi Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Zuhair Mohammad Hassan Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran 2020 05 27 2021 06 30 No Abstract  https://ijaai.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijaai/article/view/2844 https://ijaai.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijaai/article/download/2844/1800

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology 1735-1502 21 1 2022 02 06 81 85 Najmeh Sepahi Allergy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Soheila Alyasin Allergy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran AND Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Namazi Hospital, Shiraz, Iran Zahra Kanannejad Allergy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Hossein Esmaeilzadeh Allergy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran AND Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Namazi Hospital, Shiraz, Iran Farzaneh Mohammadalizadeh Shirazi Allergy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Maryam Babaei Allergy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Shirin Farjadian Allergy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran AND Department of Immunology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran 2021 06 27 2021 10 10 Pollens have been identified as potent inducers of allergic diseases worldwide. Acer velutinum (Persian maple) tree is an important source of allergic pollens in Iran. This study aimed to identify the immunoglobulin E (IgE)-reactive components of A. velutinum pollen extract in patients with maple allergy. We aimed to evaluate its allergenic components; using IgE in the serum of patients with maple allergy. Twenty-two patients with a clinical history of reaction and a positive skin-prick test to maple pollen extract were included in this study. Identification of IgE-binding proteins in A. velutinum pollen extract was performed by immunoblotting using sera from sensitive patients. A protein band with a molecular weight of around 70 kDa was the most IgE-reactive allergen in A. velutinum pollen extract detected by this method. Identification of a protein with a molecular weight of about 70kDa, as the most reactive allergen of A. velutinum pollen extract, can be considered as a potential allergen for designing diagnostic kits or as a target for immunotherapy of allergic patients with maple allergy. https://ijaai.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijaai/article/view/3274 https://ijaai.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijaai/article/download/3274/1796

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology 1735-1502 21 1 2022 02 06 12 19 Sara Iranparast Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran AND Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Maryam Tahmasebi-Birgani Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran AND Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Azim Motamedfar Department of Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran AND Department of Radiology, Golestan Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Afshin Amari Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran AND Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Mehri Ghafourian Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran AND Fertility, Infertility and Perinatology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran 2021 04 11 2021 08 04 MicroRNA-155 (miR-155) has a critical role in pro-inflammatory activation and tumor progression. In addition, miR-155 has various oncogenic effects in the tumor microenvironment by targeting the suppressor gene of cytokine signaling-1(SOCS-1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). This study investigated the association of inflammatory changes with the variations of miR-155 expression in newly diagnosed breast cancer (NDBC) patients. Seventy NDBC patients were categorized as lobular and ductal subgroups and forty healthy individuals participated in this study. The expression rate of miR-155 and its downstream target gene, SOCS-1, as well as the plasma levels of IL-6, were evaluated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of NDBC patients; using real-time PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Our results indicated an over-expression of miR-155 in the PBMCs of NDBC patients which was significantly associated with the tumor grade and the type of ductal carcinoma. In contrast, a significant downregulation of SOCS-1 was observed in NDBC patients compared to control group, however, there was no significant difference between two subtypes of BC. Furthermore, a higher concentration of plasma IL-6 was detected in NDBC patients compared to the healthy control group which had an inverse correlation with the SOCS-1 levels. According to the potential effects of miR-155 on regulating the expression of SOCS-1 and IL-6, we suggest this small transcript as a promising diagnostic marker for various types of BC patients. https://ijaai.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijaai/article/view/3185 https://ijaai.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijaai/article/download/3185/1788

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology 1735-1502 21 1 2022 02 06 98 100 Sandra González-Díaz Center of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Dr. José Eleuterio González, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico Elma Fuentes-Lara Center of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Dr. José Eleuterio González, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico Cindy de Lira-Quezada Center of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Dr. José Eleuterio González, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico Rosalaura Villarreal-González Center of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Dr. José Eleuterio González, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico Rodrigo de la Cruz-Cruz Center of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Dr. José Eleuterio González, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico 2021 03 10 2021 06 12 Cold-induced urticaria is considered as a subtype of physical urticaria and also the second most common type of chronic inducible urticaria. Contact with cold surfaces or the environment may cause systemic reactions, especially during aquatic activities. A 22-year-old female patient with a history of sulfa drug allergy began her condition 2 years before the presence of generalized pruritic erythema with hives as well as 2 episodes that had been characterized by facial angioedema and syncope 3-5 minutes after being in contact with cold air or surfaces.  On both events, she had just been outdoors on a cold, winter day. She was suspected to have cold-induced urticaria; thereby she had a positive reaction to the ice cube test. Due to the previous episodes of anaphylaxis, the patient was trained to administer intramuscular epinephrine. After 4 weeks of starting the treatment with antihistamines, no new events or injuries had occurred. Cold-induced urticaria may cause life-threatening reactions. The rate of anaphylaxis in these patients is low however, this case is presented to inform the importance of identifying this type of systemic reaction and preventing strategies. https://ijaai.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijaai/article/view/3147 https://ijaai.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijaai/article/download/3147/1799

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology 1735-1502 21 1 2022 02 06 86 91 Fatemeh Mansouri Department of Genetics and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran AND Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran Mir Hosein Seyed Mohammadzad Department of Cardiology, Seyedoshohada Hospital, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran 2021 01 06 2021 06 30 Cardiovascular diseases are the most prevalent disease worldwide and pose a considerable threat to human health. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) plays a crucial role in the maintenance of immune diseases; however, its role in the progression of cardiovascular disorders is still unknowlah Dorostkar Applied Virology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hojat Borna Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Samira Mohammadi-Yeganeh Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Seyed Mahmood Hashemi Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2022 12 11 2023 01 11 The fundamental mechanism responsible for the aggressiveness of metastatic cancers such as triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). In cancer microenvironments, the Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K)-Akt- mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway plays a critical role in regulating the EMT mechanism. The current study focuses on the impacts of rapamycin, a newly retargeted chemotherapeutic agent against mTOR, and MicroRNA (miR)-122 on the aggressive behavior of TNBC.  The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of rapamycin on 4T1 cells was determined using an MTT assay. Also, miR-122 was transiently transfected into 4T1 cells to study its effect on the pathway. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was conducted to assess the expression level of central mTOR and EMT-related cascade genes. Moreover, cell mobility and migration were evaluated using scratch and migration assays, respectively. Both rapamycin and miR-122 significantly decreased the expression levels of PI3K, AKT, and mTOR, as well as ZeB1 and Snail genes. However, no significant change was observed in Twist gene expression. Furthermore, scratch and migration assays revealed that the migration of 4T1 cells was markedly reduced, especially following miR-122 induction. Our experimental findings and gene enrichment studies indicated that miR-122 mainly operates on multiple metabolic pathways, as well as EMT and mTOR, while rapamycin has restricted targets in cancer cells.  Consequently, miR-122 can be considered a potential cancer microRNA therapy option, which can be validated in the future in animal studies to demonstrate its efficacy in cancer control. https://ijaai.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijaai/article/view/3734 https://ijaai.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijaai/article/download/3734/1918

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology 1735-1502 22 1 2023 02 20 62 71 Mohammad Khakpoor-Koosheh Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hosein Rostamian Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Elham Masoumi Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran Leila Jafarzadeh Department of Laboratory Sciences, Sirjan School of Medical Sciences, Sirjan, Iran Keyvan Fallah-Mehrjardi Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Javad Tavassolifar Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Farshid Noorbakhsh Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hamid Reza Mirzaei Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran jamshid Hadjati Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Nima Rezaei Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2021 12 17 2022 10 24 High production of lactic acid is a common feature of various tumors. Lactic acid is an immunosuppressive molecule with crucial roles in tumor cells' immune escape, which could largely be attributed to its negative effects on the T cells present in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Strategies that decrease the glycolysis rate of tumor cells could enhance immunosurveillance and limit tumor growth. Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) is a key enzyme in the glycolysis pathway, and it plays a vital role in lactic acid buildup in the TME. MicroRNA (miR)-124 has been shown to be able to decrease tumor cell lactic acid synthesis indirectly by reducing PKM2 levels. In this study, we first overexpressed miR-124 in the tumor cells and evaluated its effects on the PKM2 expression and lactic acid production of the tumor cells using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and spectrophotometry, respectively. Then, we cocultured miR-124–treated tumor cells with T cells to investigate the effects of miR-124 overexpression on T cell proliferation, cytokine production, and apoptosis. Our results demonstrated that miR-124 overexpression could significantly reduce the amount of lactic acid produced by tumor cells by manipulating their glucose metabolism, which led to the augmented proliferation and IFN-γ production of T cells. Moreover, it rescued T cells from lactic acid-induced apoptosis. Our data suggest that lactic acid is a hindering factor for T-cell–based immunotherapies; however, manipulating tumor cells' metabolism via miR-124 could be a promising way to improve antitumor responses of T cells. https://ijaai.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijaai/article/view/3419 https://ijaai.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijaai/article/download/3419/1910

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology 1735-1502 22 1 2023 02 20 72 81 Mohammad Ali Khodadoust Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Gholam Reza Keramatian Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Najmeh Kaffash Farkhad Department of Immunology, Immunology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Jalil Tavakol-Afshari Department of Immunology, Immunology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran 2022 11 15 2023 01 29 Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) infections can cause significant harm to individuals, including blindness, congenital defects, genital herpes, and even cancer, with no definitive cure .so, finding new treatment strategies is crucial. In this study, 25 male BALB/c mice were used to conduct a mouse model of herpes by subcutaneously injecting an HSV-1 suspension (100 µL of 1×  PFU/mL). The mice were divided into 5 groups with groups 1 to 3 designated as intervention groups, and groups 4 and 5 serving as positive and negative control groups, respectively. After 2 days of virus inoculation, the mice were treated with different concentrations of Herbix (100, 200, and 300 mg/mL) via subcutaneous injection. Mice Blood samples (0.5 to 1 mL) were taken from the mice before and after the experiments, and after three-week follow-up period, the mice were sacrificed and the spleens were removed for lymphocyte analysis. we found that administration of Herbix at a dose of 300 mg/mL showed the greatest efficacy, characterized by a delay in skin lesion formation, an increment in survival rate and lymphocyte proliferation, upregulation of the gene expression of interferon alpha (IFN-α) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and an increase in the polarization of cytotoxic and helper T lymphocytes compared to the control group. These results suggest that Herbix at a dose of 300 mg/mL is effective in treating murine herpes and stimulating immune responses, making it a potential candidate for further investigation as an antiherpetic drug. https://ijaai.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijaai/article/view/3710 https://ijaai.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijaai/article/download/3710/1919

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology 1735-1502 22 1 2023 02 20 82 90 Karmand Hamad Khdhir Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran Shahriar Alipour Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran AND Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran AND Student Research Committee, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran Shiva Gholizadeh-Ghaleh Aziz Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran AND Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran Seyed Hesamaddin Banihashemi Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran 2022 09 13 2022 12 17 COVID-19 can induce lung inflammation, and inflammatory factors play an essential role in its pathogenesis. This inflammation can be controlled to a great extent by microRNAs(miRs). This study evaluated miR-146a-5p expression levels in the serum of patients with COVID-19 and their association with the expression of interleukin (IL)-18 and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand (RANKL) genes, and lung damage. patients with COVID-19 were divided into two groups: mild and severe phases. The severe phase is defined as having a positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for SARS-CoV2, and acute pulmonary symptoms. The subjects' demographic, clinical, and paraclinical characteristics were collected according to a pre-prepared checklist. Total RNA was isolated from all samples using the Trizol kit to assess gene expression. The extracted product was then evaluated for the expression of miR-146a and the target genes (i.e., IL-18 and RANKL) using real-time PCR. The miR-146a gene's mean expression in mild and severe patients was 0.73 and 1.89, respectively, and this difference was statistically significant between the two groups. Also, the mean Expression of the IL-18 gene, 1.37±0.38 in the mild and 2.83±0.58 in the severe groups of the disease, demonstrated a significant difference between the two groups. In contrast, the expression levels of the RANKL gene did not show a significant difference between the two groups. Therefore, it may be hypothesized that altered levels of miR-146a may contribute to the severe COVID-19 that is more commonly observed in smokers, but further research is required. https://ijaai.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijaai/article/view/3656 https://ijaai.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijaai/article/download/3656/1930

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology 1735-1502 22 1 2023 02 20 91 98 Behrooz Ghezelbash Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran Mehdi Rostami Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Mohammad Heidarvand Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran Alireza Mafi Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran Hamid Chegni Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran Nahid Eskandari Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran 2022 08 13 2022 12 17 Some risk causes may be associated with the severity of COVID-19. The central host-pathogen factors might affect infection are human receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), trans-membrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2), and SARS-CoV-2 surface spike (S)-protein. The main purpose of this study was to determine the differences in the expression the metalloproteinases-2  (MMP-2), MMP-9, ACE2, and TMPRSS2 genes and their correlation with lymphopenia in the mild and severe types of the COVID-19 patients. Eighty-eight patients, aged 36 to 60 years old with the mild (n=44) and severe (n=44) types of COVID-19 were enrolled. Total RNA was isolated from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The changes of MMP-2, MMP-9, ACE2 and TMPRSS2 gene expression in PBMCs from mild and severe COVID-19 patients were examined by the real time-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assay and, compared between the groups. Data were collected from May 2021 to March 2022. The mean age of the patients in both groups was 48 (interquartile range, 36–60), and there were no appreciable differences in age or gender distribution between the two groups. The present study showed that a significant increase in the expression of ACE2, TMPRSS2, MMP-2, and MMP-9 genes in the severe type of the COVID-19 patients compared, to the mild type of the COVID-19 patients. Overall, it suggests the expression levels of these genes on the PBMC surface in the immune system are susceptible to infection by SARS-COV-2 and therefore could potentially predict the patients’ outcome. https://ijaai.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijaai/article/view/3626 https://ijaai.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijaai/article/download/3626/1925

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology 1735-1502 22 1 2023 02 20 110 118 EN Zahra Golchehre Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Samin Sharafian Department of Immunology and Allergy, Mofid Children's Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Nader Momtazmanesh Pediatric Congenital Hematologic Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Children Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Zahra Chavoshzadeh Department of Immunology and Allergy, Mofid Children's Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Abdollah Karimi Pediatric Infections Research Center (PIRC), Research Institute for Children Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hassan Abolhassani Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden Maryam Kazemi Aghdam Pediatric Pathology Research Center, Research Institute for Children Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Koroush Vahidshahi Pediatric Cardiology, Shahid Modarres Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Seyedehatefeh Hashemimoghaddam Department of Immunology and Allergy, Mofid Children's Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Farid Kosari Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Zahra Khafafpour Pediatric Congenital Hematologic Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Children Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Bibi Shahin Shamsian Pediatric Congenital Hematologic Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Children Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Keramatipour Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2022 06 16 2022 11 22 CD27 is a costimulatory receptor involved in the maturation of the innate and adaptive immunity. CD27, through interaction with CD70, plays a role in the control of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. CD27 deficiency leads to an immune dysregulation disease characterized by EBV susceptibility. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) might put patients with primary immunodeficiency at risk for adverse outcomes. Chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH) study was performed to detect EBV in the lymphoma tissue. Genetic analysis of the patient was done with Whole Exome Sequencing and detected variant was confirmed with PCR-Sanger sequencing. Here we report a 20-month-old boy with CD27 deficiency who developed lymphoma and coronary artery ectasia and had been infected with SARS-CoV-2. Clinical and laboratory findings were incompatible with atypical Kawasaki syndrome or multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). As CD27 deficiency is a rare immune defect, publishing clinical data about the identified patient(s) can shed light on our knowledge about the related phenotype and the spectrum of clinical manifestations associated with CD27 deficiency. Thus, our findings expanded the spectrum of manifestations beyond EBV infection, highlighting this unusual cardiac sequela that could be related to EBV infection, lymphoma, or an underlying disease.  https://ijaai.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijaai/article/view/3580 https://ijaai.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijaai/article/download/3580/1928

Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology 1735-1502 22 1 2023 02 20 119 123 Seyedeh Zalfa Modarresi Immunology, Asthma and Allergy Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Children Growth Disorder Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Shagayegh Tajik Immunology, Asthma and Allergy Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohsen Badalzadeh Immunology, Asthma and Allergy Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Reza Fazlollahi Immuniology, Asthma and Allergy Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Massoud Houshmand National Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran Marzieh Maddah Immunology, Asthma and Allergy Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Zahra Alizadeh Immunology, Asthma and Allergy Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Nabavi Department of Pediatrics, Hazrat Rasool Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Nasrin Bazargan Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences. Kerman, Iran Masoud Movahedi Immunology, Asthma and Allergy Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Immunology and Allergy, Children’s Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Zahra Pourpak Immunology