Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology 1735-1502 12 2 2013 06 15 168 175 EN Fatemeh Esfahanian Department of Endocrinology, Imam Khomeini Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Effat Naimi Department of Endocrinology, Baqiyatallah University of Medical sciences, Tehran, Iran Farideh Doroodgar Eye Research Center, Imam Khomeini Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Zohre Jadali Department of Pathobiology, Immunology Division, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2015 10 16 About 25-50% of Graves' disease (GD) patients develop thyroid eye diseases, which is associated with inflammatory process and abnormalities in the levels of several cytokines in orbital tissues in GD.  The aim of this study was to determine the Th1 and Th2 serum cytokines in patients with GD with or without ophthalmopathy. Serum  levels of  cytokines  and  autoantibodies  including Interferon-gamma  (IFN-γ),Interleukin-2 (IL-2), Interleukin-4 (IL-4), Interleukin-10 (IL-10), TSH receptor autoantibody (TRAb), thyroid  peroxidase antibody (TPOAb)  and  thyroglobulin antibody(TgAb) were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) in 34 patients with GD and in 33 normal controls. Patients were also divided in two subgroups: 18 cases with ophthalmopathy and 16 cases without ophthalmopathy. Cytokine and antibody responses were analyzed in both groups. Compared with control subjects, patients with GD  showed elevated levels of IL-2 and IL-10. IFN-γ  levels were lower in patients in comparison to the controls. No significant differences were found  between patients and controls regarding the IL-4. There was no statistically significant  difference  in  cytokine  levels  between  those   with  or   without ophthalmopathy. Quantitative-cytokine  analysis  demonstrated  that  a  combination  of  Th1  and  Th2 cytokines may contribute to the pathogenesis of GD. These results also indicate that IL-10, but not IL-4, is related to the moderate and severe forms of thyroid associated ophthalmophathy. https://ijaai.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijaai/article/view/517 https://ijaai.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijaai/article/download/517/515