Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology 1735-1502 24 6 2025 10 29 786 798 Neda Dalil Roofchayee Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Department of medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA Jalal Heshmatnia Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hamidreaza Jamatti Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Varahram Mycobacteriology Research Center (MRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ian Adcock Airways Disease Section, Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom Esmaeil Mortaz Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AND Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2024 08 27 2025 05 07 Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a severe lung disease with a poor prognosis, characterized by immune cell activation. The role of T helper (Th) cell transcription factors in IPF pathogenesis remains unclear. In this study, we investigated Th cell transcription factors and related cytokines in IPF patients. Twelve IPF patients and eight healthy controls (HC) were enrolled in this pilot study. Serum levels of fibrosis-associated mediators (Interferon-inducible protein 10 (IP-10), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), tumor growth factor-β (TGF-β), CXCL-8, interferon-γ (IFN-γ)) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Flow cytometry assessed Th transcription factors T box transcription factor (T-bet,), GATA-binding protein 3 (GATA-3), Retinoic acid-related orphan recepto (ROR-γt), forkhead box P3 (FOXP3)) and intracellular cytokines (IL-4, IL-17). SerumTGF-β, CXCL-8, TNF-α, and IFN-γ were significantly elevated, while IP-10 (pT-bet, GATA3, ROR-γt, or FOXP3 were observed. Positive correlations were found between T-bet and GATA3, IL-4, ROR-γt, and TNF-α expression with age, while FOXP3 expression negatively correlated with age. T-cell transcription factors were unchanged in IPF despite changes in inflammatory protein expression. Reduced IP-10 may serve as a potential marker. https://ijaai.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijaai/article/view/4185 https://ijaai.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijaai/article/download/4185/2245