Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Journal of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology 1735-1502 23 1 2024 02 11 69 81 Negin Jafariaghdam Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran Majid Khoshmirsafa Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Alireza Zamani Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran Elahe Talebi-Ghane Modeling of noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran Shadi Moradi Dept of Immunology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran Faezeh Shahba Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mehrdokht Mazdeh Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran Mohammad Mahdi Eftekharian Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran AND Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran 2023 12 09 2024 01 14 Parkinson's disease, the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder lacking a recognized etiology, is influenced by oxidative stress and alterations in inflammatory cytokine levels. This study aimed to investigate the expression levels of Interleukin(IL)1 receptor accessory protein (IL-1RAcP), IL1β, IL1α, IL33, and IL36 genes in blood cells and serum IL-1β levels in Parkinson's disease patients compared to healthy controls (HCs).I n this case-control study, 44 Parkinson's disease patients and 44 age- and sex-matched HCs were included. Gene expression levels were assessed using Quantitative Real-time PCR, and serum IL-1β levels were measured via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Advanced statistical analyses using the Bayesian regression model in R software were employed. Parkinson's disease patients exhibited elevated expression levels of IL-1RAcP and IL1β genes  but decreased levels of IL1α, IL33, and IL36 compared to HCs. Age-based differences were not significant. Regarding gender, IL33 transcript levels were significantly higher in males, and serum IL-1β levels were increased in patients. Subgroup analysis by gender indicated alterations in IL1β and IL-1RAcP expression in both genders, while IL1α, IL33, and IL36 showed reduced expression only in males. Remarkably, only female patients displayed significantly higher serum IL-1β levels than female HCs. These findings suggest that dysregulation of immune-related factors plays a crucial role in Parkinson's disease. https://ijaai.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijaai/article/view/3973 https://ijaai.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijaai/article/download/3973/2026